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Author: Anca Baesu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
"Analytical techniques targeting specific analytes, i.e., targeted analysis, have long been established as the main methods in food safety and environmental analysis. On account of the large number of chemical contaminants with various physicochemical properties detected in the food and water, there is a need to adapt these methods to screen and identify a broader number of chemicals. Additionally, studies have shown a decrease in contaminant levels during cooking and with food, especially seafood, eaten following some sort of thermal processing, it is important to study the outcome of processing on food contaminants. The preferred technique to screen for, and study the fate of contaminants in food is non-targeted analysis (NTA) using high resolution mass spectrometry. The objective in this thesis was to develop a non-targeted method in food analysis, focusing on the determination of veterinary drugs and other pharmaceuticals (drugs used in human medicine) in fish and shrimp. Chapter 3 covers the first step in NTA, which is the selection of an extraction method. Malachite green (MG) exposed brook trout and pacific white shrimp were used as a case study to evaluate the impact of extraction methods on the determination of the veterinary drug. Based on the comparison parameters, e.g., extracted features, matrix, ionization mode, a different extraction was considered more suitable. Although a compromise must be reached, based on specific research objectives, there is a need for a more harmonized approach on some aspects, like data filtering, e.g., blank subtraction, and data processing. Overall, QuEChERS extraction provided satisfactory results and was chosen to further study MG. In Chapter 4, a data analysis approach was validated for compound discovery from non-targeted data, focusing on the identification of antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals in fish livers. The validated workflow was suitable, as it led to the identification of an antibiotic, azithromycin, and an anti-depressant metabolite, erythrohydrobupropion. Chapter 5 covered the application of NTA for the identification of thermal transformation products (TPs) of MG and LMG in brook trout and shrimp, using the extraction and data analysis workflow validated in Chapters 3 &4. Boiling, canning and microwaving reduced MG levels in both brook trout and shrimp, with microwaving the only treatment successful in significantly reducing LMG levels. Different TPs were proposed between the two matrices and cooking treatments, with des-methylated forms and a benzophenone derivative tentatively identified. In chapter 6, NTA was used to study thermal transformation of another veterinary drug, oxytetracycline (OTC), in shrimp. OTC was identified as another commonly detected veterinary drug, particularly in shrimp, thus it was included in this research. The extraction method, based on solvent extraction/freezing, was selected following the same procedure as in Chapter 3. The relevance of using a “spiked” or “water” model to study the fate of OTC during cooking was deemed inadequate, as different TPs were identified between water and incurred/spiked tissues. This research has shown how NTA can be integrated alongside target analysis in both food safety and environmental applications. This type of analysis can describe the chemical “cocktail” to which consumers may be exposed to and it can lead to the discovery of new compounds, i.e., TPs. Through the identifications of these compounds, and evaluation of toxicity, regulatory agencies can better assess possible risks to human health. From an environmental perspective, this research showed how non-target analysis may be used to identify other contaminants present in the environment that may be toxicologically relevant to aquatic species"--
Author: Anca Baesu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Get Book Here
Book Description
"Analytical techniques targeting specific analytes, i.e., targeted analysis, have long been established as the main methods in food safety and environmental analysis. On account of the large number of chemical contaminants with various physicochemical properties detected in the food and water, there is a need to adapt these methods to screen and identify a broader number of chemicals. Additionally, studies have shown a decrease in contaminant levels during cooking and with food, especially seafood, eaten following some sort of thermal processing, it is important to study the outcome of processing on food contaminants. The preferred technique to screen for, and study the fate of contaminants in food is non-targeted analysis (NTA) using high resolution mass spectrometry. The objective in this thesis was to develop a non-targeted method in food analysis, focusing on the determination of veterinary drugs and other pharmaceuticals (drugs used in human medicine) in fish and shrimp. Chapter 3 covers the first step in NTA, which is the selection of an extraction method. Malachite green (MG) exposed brook trout and pacific white shrimp were used as a case study to evaluate the impact of extraction methods on the determination of the veterinary drug. Based on the comparison parameters, e.g., extracted features, matrix, ionization mode, a different extraction was considered more suitable. Although a compromise must be reached, based on specific research objectives, there is a need for a more harmonized approach on some aspects, like data filtering, e.g., blank subtraction, and data processing. Overall, QuEChERS extraction provided satisfactory results and was chosen to further study MG. In Chapter 4, a data analysis approach was validated for compound discovery from non-targeted data, focusing on the identification of antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals in fish livers. The validated workflow was suitable, as it led to the identification of an antibiotic, azithromycin, and an anti-depressant metabolite, erythrohydrobupropion. Chapter 5 covered the application of NTA for the identification of thermal transformation products (TPs) of MG and LMG in brook trout and shrimp, using the extraction and data analysis workflow validated in Chapters 3 &4. Boiling, canning and microwaving reduced MG levels in both brook trout and shrimp, with microwaving the only treatment successful in significantly reducing LMG levels. Different TPs were proposed between the two matrices and cooking treatments, with des-methylated forms and a benzophenone derivative tentatively identified. In chapter 6, NTA was used to study thermal transformation of another veterinary drug, oxytetracycline (OTC), in shrimp. OTC was identified as another commonly detected veterinary drug, particularly in shrimp, thus it was included in this research. The extraction method, based on solvent extraction/freezing, was selected following the same procedure as in Chapter 3. The relevance of using a “spiked” or “water” model to study the fate of OTC during cooking was deemed inadequate, as different TPs were identified between water and incurred/spiked tissues. This research has shown how NTA can be integrated alongside target analysis in both food safety and environmental applications. This type of analysis can describe the chemical “cocktail” to which consumers may be exposed to and it can lead to the discovery of new compounds, i.e., TPs. Through the identifications of these compounds, and evaluation of toxicity, regulatory agencies can better assess possible risks to human health. From an environmental perspective, this research showed how non-target analysis may be used to identify other contaminants present in the environment that may be toxicologically relevant to aquatic species"--
Author: Tomasz Tuzimski
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 042982310X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 424
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Book Description
Xenobiotics are chemical compounds foreign to a given biological system. In animals and humans, xenobiotics include drugs, drug metabolites, and environmental pollutants. In the environment, xenobiotics include synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants. Many techniques are used in xenobiotics residue analysis; the method selected depends on the complexity of the sample, the nature of the matrix/analytes, and the analytical techniques available. This reference will help the analyst develop effective and validated analytical strategies for the analysis of hundreds of different xenobiotics on hundreds of different sample types, quickly, accurately and at acceptable cost.
Author: Pilar Hernández Serrano
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251054369
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Book Description
Antibiotics are drugs of natural or synthetic origin that have the capacity to kill or to inhibit the growth of micro-organisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently non-toxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants. They have long been present in the environment and have played a crucial role in the battle between man and microbe. Many bacterial species multiply rapidly enough to double their numbers every 20-30 minutes, so their ability to adapt to changes in the environment and survive unfavourable conditions often results in the development of mutations that enable the species to survive changing external conditions. Another factor contributing to their adaptability is that individual cells do not rely on their own genetic resources. Many, if not all, have access to a large pool of itinerant genes that move from one bacteria cell to another and spread through bacterial populations through a variety of mobile genetic elements, of which plasmids and transposable elements are two examples. The capacity of bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment and thus survive is called resistance. Drug choices for the treatment of common infectious diseases are becoming increasingly limited and expensive and, in some cases, unavailable due to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria and fungi - resistance that is threatening to reverse much medical progress of the past 50 years. Dissemination of resistant micro-organisms may occur in both hospitals and communities. It is recognized that a major route of transmission of resistant microorganisms from animals to humans is through the food chain. In aquaculture, antibiotics have been used mainly for therapeutic purposes and as prophylactic agents. The contribution to antimicrobial resistance of antibiotics used in aquaculture is reviewed here, using a risk analysis framework. Some recommendations on responsible conduct in this context are proposed, aimed at diminishing the threat of build up of antimicrobial resistance.
Author: Jian Wang
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118067193
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 378
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Book Description
An insightful exploration of the key aspects concerning the chemical analysis of antibiotic residues in food The presence of excess residues from frequent antibiotic use in animals is not only illegal, but can pose serious health risks by contaminating products for human consumption such as meat and milk. Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food is a single-source reference for readers interested in the development of analytical methods for analyzing antibiotic residues in food. It covers themes that include quality assurance and quality control, antibiotic chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, distribution, food safety regulations, and chemical analysis. In addition, the material presented includes background information valuable for understanding the choice of marker residue and target animal tissue to use for regulatory analysis. This comprehensive reference: Includes topics on general issues related to screening and confirmatory methods Presents updated information on food safety regulation based on routine screening and confirmatory methods, especially LC-MS Provides general guidance for method development, validation, and estimation of measurement uncertainty Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food is written and organized with a balance between practical use and theory to provide laboratories with a solid and reliable reference on antibiotic residue analysis. Thorough coverage elicits the latest scientific findings to assist the ongoing efforts toward refining analytical methods for producing safe foods of animal origin.
Author: Suresh C. Ameta
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128105259
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 430
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Book Description
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Waste Water Treatment: Emerging Green Chemical Technology is a complete resource covering the fundamentals and applications of all Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). This book presents the most up-to-date research on AOPs and makes the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it details the reactive species involved, along with sections on reactor designs, thus helping readers understand and implement these methods. Presents in-depth coverage of all types of Advanced Oxidation Processes, including Super Critical Water Oxidation, Photo-Fenton and Like Processes Includes a fundamental review, applications, reactive species and reactor designs Reviews applications across waste types, including industrial waste, domestic and municipal sewage, and hospital wastes
Author: Henning Steinfeld
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9789251055717
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 418
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Book Description
"The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.
Author: Jason Gallagher
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN: 1449614590
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 274
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Book Description
Spectrum of activity --
Author: Claudio O. Gualerzi
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527659706
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 549
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Book Description
Most of the antibiotics now in use have been discovered more or less by chance, and their mechanisms of action have only been elucidated after their discovery. To meet the medical need for next-generation antibiotics, a more rational approach to antibiotic development is clearly needed. Opening with a general introduction about antimicrobial drugs, their targets and the problem of antibiotic resistance, this reference systematically covers currently known antibiotic classes, their molecular mechanisms and the targets on which they act. Novel targets such as cell signaling networks, riboswitches and bacterial chaperones are covered here, alongside the latest information on the molecular mechanisms of current blockbuster antibiotics. With its broad overview of current and future antibacterial drug development, this unique reference is essential reading for anyone involved in the development and therapeutic application of novel antibiotics.
Author: W. Nelson Beyer
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420084062
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 750
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Book Description
Examining tissue residues of contaminants in biota reveals the movement of contaminants within organisms and through food chains as well as the context for understanding and quantifying injuries to organisms and their communities. Yet tissue concentrations of some contaminants are especially challenging to interpret and the ability of today’s analytical chemists to provide reliable analytical data of most important environmental contaminants often surpasses the ability of ecotoxicologists to interpret those data. Offering guidance on the ecotoxicologically meaningful interpretation of tissue concentrations, Environmental Contaminants in Biota, Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, Second Edition is updated with current data and new ways of analyzing those data as well as additional contaminants not previously considered. Beginning with a history of wildlife toxicology and data interpretation, chapters cover a wide range of contaminants and their hazardous and lethal concentrations in various animals including DDT, Dioxins, PCBs, and PBDEs in aquatic organisms; methylmurcury, selenium, and trace metals in fishes and aquatic invertebrates; and pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants in marine mammals. The book considers the impact of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers; cyclodiene; and other organochlorine pesticides in birds and mammals. Later chapters examine the effects and analysis of lead, cadmium, and radionuclides in biota. With thousands of published research papers reporting tissue concentrations each year, Environmental Contaminants in Biota, Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, Second Edition gives ecotoxicologists the ability to draw actionable value regarding the toxicological consequences of those concentrations and relate tissue concentrations quantitatively to injury: the core of ecotoxicology.
Author: Marcelo Larramendy
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535124013
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
This book, Environmental Health Risk - Hazardous Factors to Living Species, is intended to provide a set of practical discussions and relevant tools for making risky decisions that require actions to reduce environmental health risk against environmental factors that may adversely impact human health or ecological balances. We aimed to compile information from diverse sources into a single volume to give some real examples extending concepts of those hazardous factors to living species that may stimulate new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields.