Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780721345413
Category : Collecting of accounts
Languages : en
Pages : 122

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Book Description

Author:
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821345429
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 136

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Book Description
"In Albania, consumers with guns stolen from the government threatened to shoot the utility officials who attempted to disconnect defaulting customers." This situation and others less dramatic, but every bit as corrupt, aggravated the utility non-payment issue and pushed it into the foreground. This study reviews the non-payment problem in the electricity sector in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union during 1990-1997. In addition to non-payment, the review also covers the problem of low cash collections and the preference in some countries for the use of cash substitutes such as barters, offsets, and promissory notes. The objective of the study is to identify which policies and measures addressing the problem of non-payment in the electricity sector worked in practice and which did not. Therefore, it includes stories of both success and failure. It is aimed at equipping Bank staff and decision makers with a set of practical tools that can be of use when the political will exists to tackle the problem.

Author: Banco Mundial. Europe and Central Asia Region. Energy Sector Unit
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Consumo de energia
Languages : en
Pages : 122

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Book Description

Author: Stefan Buzar
Publisher: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN: 9780754671305
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 196

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Book Description
One of the consequences of the post-socialist transformation of Eastern and Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union is the emergence of energy poverty, a condition where households are living in inadequately heated homes. This book provides the first full-length examination of the causes, consequences and patterns of energy poverty in former Communist countries.

Author: Mr.Manmohan S. Kumar
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451854765
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 18

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Book Description
Energy exports, which are already the primary source of Soviet convertible currency earnings and an important contributor to the budget, could bring in much more revenue if the Soviet Union were to reduce its extremely high levels of energy consumption. To encourage this process, energy prices need to be raised substantially. Under plausible assumptions, it is shown that an increase in prices could yield sizable foreign exchange earnings. Large increases in energy prices could, however, threaten the solvency of industrial enterprises, precipitate major economic and social dislocation, and severely strain interrepublican economic relationships.

Author: Stefan Buzar
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351940244
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 207

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Book Description
One of the consequences of the post-socialist transformation of Eastern and Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union is the emergence of energy poverty, a condition where households are living in inadequately heated homes. This book provides the first full-length examination of the causes, consequences and patterns of energy poverty in former Communist countries. Based on empirical evidence that spans different spatial contexts and scales and compares these with other parts of the world, the book links household-level deprivation with broader organizational and political dynamics. The book also analyzes the lived experiences of scarcity and marginalization with the aid of two in-depth country studies. Furthermore, it identifies the socio-demographic factors that distinguish energy-poor families from the rest of the population, while stressing the need for a comprehensive range of policy tools to address energy poverty. As the issue of energy supply from the former Soviet Union is likely to become one of the most important economic and political problems across the whole of Europe within the next couple of decades, the book argues that there is a direct link between the energy crises experienced by the region, and the social aspects of energy use in households.

Author: Anatole Boute
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108585485
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 299

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Book Description
Guaranteeing energy security is one of the most complex challenges of energy law and policy. Energy insecurity threatens economic development, social peace and stability. This book focuses on energy security in the strategically important region of Central Asia. The region holds huge energy reserves, but its energy systems are highly inefficient and unreliable, and thus require urgent reform. However, endemic corruption, discrimination and the strong centralization of power have so far blocked initiatives to reorganize energy supply. The case of Central Asia is uniquely relevant for understanding the informal constraints on energy law and policy. In addition, Central Asian energy insecurity illustrates the impact of geopolitics on the regulation of energy markets. The region is strategically located in Russia's sphere of influence and along China's New Silk Road. Its energy situation highlights the complex interactions amongst energy law, geopolitics and institutions.

Author: Venkataraman Krishnaswamy
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821355299
Category : Electric utilities
Languages : en
Pages : 134

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Book Description

Author: Csaba Csáki
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821347331
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 274

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Book Description
Farm structures in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) today cover a whole spectrum of forms, which include small subsistence-oriented household plots, medium-sized commercial family farms, and large corporations. The agricultural sector in CEE definitely has not embraced the family farm as the dominant farming structure, thus confounding the original expectations of Western experts. On the other hand, agriculture did not collapse because of fragmentation and privatization, as predicted by conservative doomsayers. To address the concerns of the farming sector in CEE with relation to EU accession, a workshop was held in Warsaw, Poland in June 1999. This volume represents a selection of papers presented at this workshop. It examines the reforms and policy changes necessary in the food and agriculture sectors of the ten countries that have started the accession process for eventual membership in the European Union (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia). The papers are organized around the following three topics: • Evolving farm structures and competitiveness in agriculture; • Land laws and legal institutions for development of land markets and farm restructuring; and • Development of farm services for improved competitiveness. This volume will be of interest to agricultural policy makers and government officials in the candidate countries, EU officials, World Bank and FAO staff, development scholars, and all others interested in the process of agricultural reform in CEE.

Author: F. McGowan
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134358865
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 278

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Book Description
This informative new book analyses the extent and major determinants of the east and west European industrial networks in reinforcing the competitive advantages of the EU and CEECs.