Nitrate Removal for Small Public Water Systems PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 112
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Book Description
Author: Vivian Bundgaard Jensen
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781339064871
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Nitrate contamination of potable water sources has become one of the most important water quality concerns across the United States. Nitrate presents unique water treatment challenges and small water systems are particularly affected by the high costs of addressing nitrate impacted supplies. The incidence of nitrate impacted drinking water systems, with respect to contamination, violations, and treatment, was assessed nationally, with particular emphasis on the state of California. Findings indicate that public water systems serving less than 3,300 people (very small and small water systems) are disproportionately affected by nitrate in potable water supplies, accounting for an average of 97.5% of systems in violation of the nitrate maximum contaminant level from 1998 - 2013. Of the 744,304 people served by national community water systems (CWS) that were non-compliant at least once from 2010 - 2013, 37.4% were served by systems in California. There were more systems in California in violation of the nitrate MCL between 2010 and 2013 than in any other state. Treatment measures have been proven effective and are in use at public water systems across the United States; anion exchange is the most common treatment technology implemented in the United States for nitrate removal. The disposal of waste residuals from drinking water treatment processes like anion exchange can be costly, particularly for small inland communities lacking the resources needed to identify the most affordable and sustainable waste management approach. Brine waste management options for small nitrate treatment systems in the Central Valley of California were examined with consideration of the feasibility, sustainability, and affordability of the available alternatives. Onsite evaporation, landfill evaporation, landfill solidification, and coastal wastewater treatment plant disposal were considered in detail with a base case scenario. Onsite evaporation ponds and transport of waste to a coastal wastewater treatment facility were identified as the least-costly, currently-available management options. In nearly all cases, the estimated minimum disposal costs associated with the base case scenario exceeded the average cost of tap water in the United States, $2.00/1,000 gallons. The minimization of brine waste through improved water recovery has the potential to significantly decrease disposal costs, by as much as 95%. Given the high costs of brine disposal options for individual small water systems in the San Joaquin Valley, the development of sustainable and affordable regional solutions is warranted to address the problem in a manner that can benefit multiple small water systems, as well as other brine producers in the region.
Author: United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1428904107
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Author: Dennis A. Clifford
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ion exchange
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Gerald A. Guter
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking Water
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Author: Shoeleh Shams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 187
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Book Description
Several health problems may be caused by excess nitrate in drinking water, the most important of which being methemoglobinemia, a potentially fatal disorder, in infants under six months of age. Many different parts of the world have been facing the problem of nitrate contaminated surface and groundwaters due in large part to excessive use of nitrate-based chemical fertilizers. In the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada some groundwater sources have nitrate concentrations approaching the Health Canada and Ontario Ministry of the Environment maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) of 10 mg NO3--N/L. Finding a practical and economical way to reduce nitrate concentrations in representative groundwater in the Region of Waterloo was the overall objective of this research. To achieve this goal, nitrate removal technologies including biological denitrification, ion exchange (IX), reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED), and chemical denitrification were reviewed and compared. IX and RO were found to be the most promising technologies for nitrate removal. They have also been approved by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as Best Available Technologies (BAT). To investigate the feasibility of IX and RO for nitrate removal from representative groundwater in the Region of Waterloo, bench-scale experiments were conducted and compared. These technologies could be considered for application at full- or point-of-use (POU)-scale. Decision support assistance for the selection of the appropriate technology for different technical and economical conditions is provided as an outcome of this work. Two nitrate-selective ion exchange resins (Dowex NSR-1 and Purolite® A-520E), two non-selective resins (Purolite® A-300E and Amberlite® IRA400 Cl), and a commercially-available RO POU device (Culligan® Aqua-Cleer® model RO30), which included a particle filter and a carbon block, were tested with deionized water and real groundwater.* IX results confirmed that production time before resin exhaustion was influenced by operating conditions, specifically bed depth as would be expected. It was also confirmed that the presence of competing anions (sulfate, chloride) and alkalinity adversely affected performance, with sulfate being the main competitor for nitrate removal. The extent of these effects was quantified for the conditions tested. At the end of the runs, the non-selective resins were prone to potential nitrate displacement and release into product water and are therefore not recommended. The nitrate-selective resins did not release previously adsorbed nitrate as their capacity became exhausted. Purolite® A-520E was identified as the best alternative amongst the four resins for removing nitrate from the representative groundwater source. The RO unit removed roughly 80% of the nitrate from groundwater. Background ions didn't appear to compete with each other for removal by RO units, so RO might be a more appropriate technology than IX for nitrate removal from waters with high concentrations of sulfate or TDS. Since RO removes other background ions as well as nitrate, the product water of RO is low in alkalinity and can potentially be corrosive, if water from a small full-scale system is pumped through a communal distribution system. Post-treatment including pH adjustment, addition of caustic soda, and/or corrosion inhibitors may be required. While the carbon block did not play a substantial role with respect to removal of nitrate in the groundwater tested, a potential issue was identified when running RO systems without the carbon block. In deionized water (and presumably in very low alkalinity real waters) it was noted that RO nitrate removal efficiency dropped substantially as the alkalinity of the influent water approached zero. With respect to the scale of application of IX and RO devices, IX can be applied at full-scale without requiring large amounts of space. However, if feed water contains high concentrations of sulfate or TDS, nitrate leakage happens sooner and regeneration would be needed at more frequent intervals. Also, chloride concentrations in IX product water might exceed aesthetic objectives (AO) and should be monitored in cases of high feed water TDS. POU IX devices are not recommended when feed water nitrate concentration is high due to potential nitrate leakage into the product water when the resin is nearing exhaustion which increases public health risk. Issues associated with RO application at full-scale are high energy demand, low recovery, high costs, need of pre-treatment (fouling control), and post-treatment (corrosion control). On the other hand, POU RO devices may be acceptable since low recovery is of less importance in a household system, and product water corrosivity is less relevant. POU RO devices are preferable to POU IX units due to their lower risk of nitrate leakage into treated water. * Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Author: Dennis A. Clifford
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Groundwater
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Committee on Small Water Supply Systems
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309522846
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 229
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Book Description
Small communities violate federal requirements for safe drinking water as much as three times more often than cities. Yet these communities often cannot afford to improve their water service. Safe Water From Every Tap reviews the risks of violating drinking water standards and discusses options for improving water service in small communities. Included are detailed reviews of a wide range of technologies appropriate for treating drinking water in small communities. The book also presents a variety of institutional options for improving the management efficiency and financial stability of water systems.
