Mechanisms Driving Species Interactions and Community Structure on the Phytochemical Landscape PDF Download
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Author: Colin Richard Morrison
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Identifying how variation in abiotic factors and species traits influence the outcome of ecological interactions is fundamental to our understanding of which processes affect community assembly and structure. My goal in this PhD was to describe how nutrient dynamics, plant physical traits, and chemistry affect plant-insect and plant-plant interactions. I pursued this goal in three different systems with natural history observations, comparative field studies, manipulative greenhouse experiments, analytical chemistry, and bioinformatics. I found that investing nitrogen in one tropical passion vine survival strategy did not come at the cost of strategies. Rather, increased soil nitrogen resulted in richer metabolomes, higher leaf toxin concentrations, longer vines, greater biomass, and more leaves with a superior ability to capture sunlight. Next, I investigated how plant traits facilitate the spread of invasive species in Texas, and what consequences their spread has for local communities. I found that lack of variation among native prickly pear nutritional qualities makes them suitable resources to an invasive cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) that recently established in Texas. These findings have serious implications for prickly pear, and their associated food webs that will soon interact with the expanding invasive moth population. I also studied how competition and allelochemical weapons interact to facilitate spread of Guinea grass, a globally distributed invasive pasture grass, in Texas. I found that shading and allelochemistry by Guinea grass interacted to significantly reduce the recruitment and growth of native plants which results in communities with significantly reduced plant diversity. Finally, I compared passion vine phylogenetic, metabolomic, and quantitative traits to describe the drivers of host specialization by sympatric beetles and caterpillars in Costa Rica. I found that passion vine relatedness correlated with host usage in both groups, and different plant characteristics explained how similar each herbivore assemblage was among available hosts. These studies demonstrated the effects of resource availability on plant trait expression and specialized trophic interactions in different environments. Moreover, this dissertation showcased how the mechanisms which govern individual species interactions scale up to influence community structure on a mosaic phytochemical landscape
Author: Colin Richard Morrison
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Identifying how variation in abiotic factors and species traits influence the outcome of ecological interactions is fundamental to our understanding of which processes affect community assembly and structure. My goal in this PhD was to describe how nutrient dynamics, plant physical traits, and chemistry affect plant-insect and plant-plant interactions. I pursued this goal in three different systems with natural history observations, comparative field studies, manipulative greenhouse experiments, analytical chemistry, and bioinformatics. I found that investing nitrogen in one tropical passion vine survival strategy did not come at the cost of strategies. Rather, increased soil nitrogen resulted in richer metabolomes, higher leaf toxin concentrations, longer vines, greater biomass, and more leaves with a superior ability to capture sunlight. Next, I investigated how plant traits facilitate the spread of invasive species in Texas, and what consequences their spread has for local communities. I found that lack of variation among native prickly pear nutritional qualities makes them suitable resources to an invasive cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) that recently established in Texas. These findings have serious implications for prickly pear, and their associated food webs that will soon interact with the expanding invasive moth population. I also studied how competition and allelochemical weapons interact to facilitate spread of Guinea grass, a globally distributed invasive pasture grass, in Texas. I found that shading and allelochemistry by Guinea grass interacted to significantly reduce the recruitment and growth of native plants which results in communities with significantly reduced plant diversity. Finally, I compared passion vine phylogenetic, metabolomic, and quantitative traits to describe the drivers of host specialization by sympatric beetles and caterpillars in Costa Rica. I found that passion vine relatedness correlated with host usage in both groups, and different plant characteristics explained how similar each herbivore assemblage was among available hosts. These studies demonstrated the effects of resource availability on plant trait expression and specialized trophic interactions in different environments. Moreover, this dissertation showcased how the mechanisms which govern individual species interactions scale up to influence community structure on a mosaic phytochemical landscape
Author: Mark D. Hunter
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 140088120X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
The dazzling variation in plant chemistry is a primary mediator of trophic interactions, including herbivory, predation, parasitism, and disease. At the same time, such interactions feed back to influence spatial and temporal variation in the chemistry of plants. In this book, Mark Hunter provides a novel approach to linking the trophic interactions of organisms with the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems. Hunter introduces the concept of the "phytochemical landscape"—the shifting spatial and temporal mosaic of plant chemistry that serves as the nexus between trophic interactions and nutrient dynamics. He shows how plant chemistry is both a cause and consequence of trophic interactions, and how it also mediates ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. Nutrients and organic molecules in plant tissues affect decomposition rates and the fluxes of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The availability of these same nutrients influences the chemistry of cells and tissues that plants produce. In combination, these feedback routes generate pathways by which trophic interactions influence nutrient dynamics and vice versa, mediated through plant chemistry. Hunter provides evidence from terrestrial and aquatic systems for each of these pathways, and describes how a focus on the phytochemical landscape enables us to better understand and manage the ecosystems in which we live. Essential reading for students and researchers alike, this book offers an integrated approach to population-, community-, and ecosystem-level ecological processes.
Author: Akihiro Nakamura
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832500668
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Book Description
Author: Kjell Danell
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139455842
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 489
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Book Description
Most large herbivores require some type of management within their habitats. Some populations of large herbivores are at the brink of extinction, some are under discussion for reintroduction, whilst others already occur in dense populations causing conflicts with other land use. Large herbivores are the major drivers for forming the shape and function of terrestrial ecosystems. This 2006 book addresses the scientifically based action plans to manage both the large herbivore populations and their habitats worldwide. It covers the processes by which large herbivores not only affect their environment (e.g. grazing) but are affected by it (e.g. nutrient cycling) and the management strategies required. Also discussed are new modeling techniques, which help assess integration processes in a landscape context, as well as assessing the consequences of new developments in the processes of conservation. This book will be essential reading for all involved in the management of both large herbivores and natural resources.
Author: Nathan G. Swenson
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461495423
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 217
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Book Description
Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R is designed to teach readers to use R for phylogenetic and functional trait analyses. Over the past decade, a dizzying array of tools and methods were generated to incorporate phylogenetic and functional information into traditional ecological analyses. Increasingly these tools are implemented in R, thus greatly expanding their impact. Researchers getting started in R can use this volume as a step-by-step entryway into phylogenetic and functional analyses for ecology in R. More advanced users will be able to use this volume as a quick reference to understand particular analyses. The volume begins with an introduction to the R environment and handling relevant data in R. Chapters then cover phylogenetic and functional metrics of biodiversity; null modeling and randomizations for phylogenetic and functional trait analyses; integrating phylogenetic and functional trait information; and interfacing the R environment with a popular C-based program. This book presents a unique approach through its focus on ecological analyses and not macroevolutionary analyses. The author provides his own code, so that the reader is guided through the computational steps to calculate the desired metrics. This guided approach simplifies the work of determining which package to use for any given analysis. Example datasets are shared to help readers practice, and readers can then quickly turn to their own datasets.
Author: Andreas Vilcinskas
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482236788
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
Most people know of aphids as garden pests, infesting the soft green tissues of plants in vast numbers and killing them by sucking out the sap. Indeed, among the 4000 or so known species of aphids about 250 are pests, and in temperate regions several are economically important agricultural pests that damage crops directly during feeding or act as v
Author: J. Philip Grime
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118223276
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 362
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Book Description
THE EVOLUTIONARY STRATEGIES THAT SHAPE ECOSYSTEMS In 1837 a young Charles Darwin took his notebook, wrote “I think”, and then sketched a rudimentary, stick-like tree. Each branch of Darwin’s tree of life told a story of survival and adaptation – adaptation of animals and plants not just to the environment but also to life with other living things. However, more than 150 years since Darwin published his singular idea of natural selection, the science of ecology has yet to account for how contrasting evolutionary outcomes affect the ability of organisms to coexist in communities and to regulate ecosystem functioning. In this book Philip Grime and Simon Pierce explain how evidence from across the world is revealing that, beneath the wealth of apparently limitless and bewildering variation in detailed structure and functioning, the essential biology of all organisms is subject to the same set of basic interacting constraints on life-history and physiology. The inescapable resulting predicament during the evolution of every species is that, according to habitat, each must adopt a predictable compromise with regard to how they use the resources at their disposal in order to survive. The compromise involves the investment of resources in either the effort to acquire more resources, the tolerance of factors that reduce metabolic performance, or reproduction. This three-way trade-off is the irreducible core of the universal adaptive strategy theory which Grime and Pierce use to investigate how two environmental filters selecting, respectively, for convergence and divergence in organism function determine the identity of organisms in communities, and ultimately how different evolutionary strategies affect the functioning of ecosystems. This book refl ects an historic phase in which evolutionary processes are finally moving centre stage in the effort to unify ecological theory, and animal, plant and microbial ecology have begun to find a common theoretical framework. Companion website This book has a companion website www.wiley.com/go/grime/evolutionarystrategies with Figures and Tables from the book for downloading.
Author: Mark Vellend
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400883792
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
A plethora of different theories, models, and concepts make up the field of community ecology. Amid this vast body of work, is it possible to build one general theory of ecological communities? What other scientific areas might serve as a guiding framework? As it turns out, the core focus of community ecology—understanding patterns of diversity and composition of biological variants across space and time—is shared by evolutionary biology and its very coherent conceptual framework, population genetics theory. The Theory of Ecological Communities takes this as a starting point to pull together community ecology's various perspectives into a more unified whole. Mark Vellend builds a theory of ecological communities based on four overarching processes: selection among species, drift, dispersal, and speciation. These are analogues of the four central processes in population genetics theory—selection within species, drift, gene flow, and mutation—and together they subsume almost all of the many dozens of more specific models built to describe the dynamics of communities of interacting species. The result is a theory that allows the effects of many low-level processes, such as competition, facilitation, predation, disturbance, stress, succession, colonization, and local extinction to be understood as the underpinnings of high-level processes with widely applicable consequences for ecological communities. Reframing the numerous existing ideas in community ecology, The Theory of Ecological Communities provides a new way for thinking about biological composition and diversity.
Author: Nathan G. Swenson
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 022667150X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 229
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Book Description
Over the past decade, ecologists have increasingly embraced phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships among species. As a result, they have come to discover the field’s power to illuminate present ecological patterns and processes. Ecologists are now investigating whether phylogenetic diversity is a better measure of ecosystem health than more traditional metrics like species diversity, whether it can predict the future structure and function of communities and ecosystems, and whether conservationists might prioritize it when formulating conservation plans. In Phylogenetic Ecology, Nathan G. Swenson synthesizes this nascent field’s major conceptual, methodological, and empirical developments to provide students and practicing ecologists with a foundational overview. Along the way, he highlights those realms of phylogenetic ecology that will likely increase in relevance—such as the burgeoning subfield of phylogenomics—and shows how ecologists might lean on these new perspectives to inform their research programs.
Author: Louis M. Schoonhoven
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019852594X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 441
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Book Description
"Half of all insect species are dependent on living plant tissues, consuming about 10% of plant annual production in natural habitats and an even greater percentage in agricultural systems, despite sophisticated control measures. Plants are generally remarkably well-protected against insect attack, with the result that most insects are highly specialized feeders. The mechanisms underlying plant resistance to invading herbivores on the one side, and insect food specialization on the other, are the main subjects of this book. For insects these include food-plant selection and the complex sensory processes involved, with their implications for learning and nutritional physiology, as well as the endocrinological aspects of life cycle synchronization with host plant phenology. In the case of plants exposed to insect herbivores, they include the activation of defence systems in order to minimize damage, as well as the emission of chemical signals that may attract natural enemies of the invading herbivores and may be exploited by neighbouring plants that mount defences as well." "Insect-Plant Biology discusses the operation of these mechanisms at the molecular and organismal levels, in the context of both ecological interactions and evolutionary relationships. In doing so, it uncovers the highly intricate antagonistic and mutualistic interactions that have evolved between plants and insects. The book concludes with a chapter on the application of our knowledge of insect-plant interactions to agricultural production." "This multidisciplinary approach will appeal to students in agricultural entomology, plant sciences, ecology, and indeed anyone interested in the principles underlying the relationships between the two largest groups of organisms on earth: plants and insects."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
