Author: Eva Meyer-Hermann
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 9781644230138
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 448
Book Description
The third volume of a catalogue raisonné of Luc Tuymans’s paintings, surveying nearly two hundred works, charts the artist’s investigation into painting’s relationship to history and technology. Tuymans is widely credited with having contributed to the revival of painting in the 1990s. His sparsely colored, figurative works speak in a quiet, restrained, and at times unsettling voice and are typically painted from preexisting imagery that includes photographs and video stills. The works in this volume, made between 2007 to 2018, show Tuymans at his most virtuosic, subtly but provocatively addressing a range of topics including religion, corporatization, and cultural memory, in addition to modernism and the history of painting. The Internet, in particular, is central to these works as well as the screen—leading to a new style of contemporary image. The works are mediatized to the nth degree, despite the artist’s continuous use of the traditional medium of painting. There is a certain kind of light that comes out of a screen, which can be found in Tuymans’s recent paintings. This volume includes an editor’s note by Eva Meyer-Hermann and an illustrated chronology with archival images and installation views of the featured works. It also presents brilliant color reproductions of each painting from this period. This publication is a testament to Tuymans’s persistent assertion of the relevance and importance of painting—a conviction that he maintains even in today’s digital world, when his work continues to be a touchstone for artists and scholars.
Luc Tuymans Catalogue Raisonné of Paintings: Volume 3, 2007–2018
Author: Eva Meyer-Hermann
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 9781644230138
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 448
Book Description
The third volume of a catalogue raisonné of Luc Tuymans’s paintings, surveying nearly two hundred works, charts the artist’s investigation into painting’s relationship to history and technology. Tuymans is widely credited with having contributed to the revival of painting in the 1990s. His sparsely colored, figurative works speak in a quiet, restrained, and at times unsettling voice and are typically painted from preexisting imagery that includes photographs and video stills. The works in this volume, made between 2007 to 2018, show Tuymans at his most virtuosic, subtly but provocatively addressing a range of topics including religion, corporatization, and cultural memory, in addition to modernism and the history of painting. The Internet, in particular, is central to these works as well as the screen—leading to a new style of contemporary image. The works are mediatized to the nth degree, despite the artist’s continuous use of the traditional medium of painting. There is a certain kind of light that comes out of a screen, which can be found in Tuymans’s recent paintings. This volume includes an editor’s note by Eva Meyer-Hermann and an illustrated chronology with archival images and installation views of the featured works. It also presents brilliant color reproductions of each painting from this period. This publication is a testament to Tuymans’s persistent assertion of the relevance and importance of painting—a conviction that he maintains even in today’s digital world, when his work continues to be a touchstone for artists and scholars.
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 9781644230138
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 448
Book Description
The third volume of a catalogue raisonné of Luc Tuymans’s paintings, surveying nearly two hundred works, charts the artist’s investigation into painting’s relationship to history and technology. Tuymans is widely credited with having contributed to the revival of painting in the 1990s. His sparsely colored, figurative works speak in a quiet, restrained, and at times unsettling voice and are typically painted from preexisting imagery that includes photographs and video stills. The works in this volume, made between 2007 to 2018, show Tuymans at his most virtuosic, subtly but provocatively addressing a range of topics including religion, corporatization, and cultural memory, in addition to modernism and the history of painting. The Internet, in particular, is central to these works as well as the screen—leading to a new style of contemporary image. The works are mediatized to the nth degree, despite the artist’s continuous use of the traditional medium of painting. There is a certain kind of light that comes out of a screen, which can be found in Tuymans’s recent paintings. This volume includes an editor’s note by Eva Meyer-Hermann and an illustrated chronology with archival images and installation views of the featured works. It also presents brilliant color reproductions of each painting from this period. This publication is a testament to Tuymans’s persistent assertion of the relevance and importance of painting—a conviction that he maintains even in today’s digital world, when his work continues to be a touchstone for artists and scholars.
Luc Tuymans
Author: Eva Meyer-Hermann
Publisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 0300244673
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 457
Book Description
Belgian painter Luc Tuymans (b. 1958) has, over the course of his remarkable career, created a distinctive vernacular, and is widely credited with having contributed to the revival of painting in the 1990s. This second volume in a planned three-volume catalogue raisonné of Tuymans’s paintings surveys nearly two hundred works, featuring some of his most iconic canvases, including from his seminal exhibition Mwana Kitoko: Beautiful White Man (2000), derived from the fraught history of Belgian colonial rule of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and The Secretary of State (2005), a portrayal of Condoleeza Rice which conjures the history of racial and sexual prejudice in the United States. Brilliant color reproductions of each painting from this period are accompanied by an illustrated chronology with archival images and installation views of the works in the volume. This catalogue raisonné is a testament to Tuymans’s persistent assertion of the relevance and importance of painting—a conviction that he maintains even in today’s digital world.
Publisher: Yale University Press
ISBN: 0300244673
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 457
Book Description
Belgian painter Luc Tuymans (b. 1958) has, over the course of his remarkable career, created a distinctive vernacular, and is widely credited with having contributed to the revival of painting in the 1990s. This second volume in a planned three-volume catalogue raisonné of Tuymans’s paintings surveys nearly two hundred works, featuring some of his most iconic canvases, including from his seminal exhibition Mwana Kitoko: Beautiful White Man (2000), derived from the fraught history of Belgian colonial rule of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and The Secretary of State (2005), a portrayal of Condoleeza Rice which conjures the history of racial and sexual prejudice in the United States. Brilliant color reproductions of each painting from this period are accompanied by an illustrated chronology with archival images and installation views of the works in the volume. This catalogue raisonné is a testament to Tuymans’s persistent assertion of the relevance and importance of painting—a conviction that he maintains even in today’s digital world.
Luc Tuymans: Is It Safe?
Author: Luc Tuymans
Publisher: Phaidon Press
ISBN: 9780714856032
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
Beginning with 'Gilles de Binche' (Antwerp, 2005) and concluding with 'Against the Day' (Brussels, Moscow and Malmo, 2009-10), acclaimed painter Luc Tuymans produced a landmark suite of seven thematically linked bodies of work. Their meta-narrative, which traces the philosophical and psychic roots of contemporary civilization, weaves together a range of photographic source images, from St Peter's to Disneyland to Big Brother, that together tell the banal and terrifying story of our times. Luc Tuymans: Is It Safe? features this source imagery alongside more than 100 of the artist's newest paintings, many never before published. Accompanying each body of work is an introductory text written by the artist, while the essay 'Tuymans, Loyola, Leibniz', specially commissioned by Mexican artist Pablo Sigg, provides historical and philosophical context. 'Proper', an essay by Belgian art historian Gerrit Vermeiren, looks at one body of work in detail, tracing the themes and sources of each painting and capturing the cultural atmosphere of the moment in which they were produced. And an extensive interview between Tuymans and his assistant Tommy Simoens offers additional insight into the artist's thinking and motivations. Celebrated as one of the world's most gifted and visionary painters, Tuymans has been creating iconic works of contemporary painting for nearly three decades. With their enigmatic compositions and modulated colours, these works are moving and unmistakable, and their power continues to win new converts to Tuymans's chilling vision of history painting.
Publisher: Phaidon Press
ISBN: 9780714856032
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
Beginning with 'Gilles de Binche' (Antwerp, 2005) and concluding with 'Against the Day' (Brussels, Moscow and Malmo, 2009-10), acclaimed painter Luc Tuymans produced a landmark suite of seven thematically linked bodies of work. Their meta-narrative, which traces the philosophical and psychic roots of contemporary civilization, weaves together a range of photographic source images, from St Peter's to Disneyland to Big Brother, that together tell the banal and terrifying story of our times. Luc Tuymans: Is It Safe? features this source imagery alongside more than 100 of the artist's newest paintings, many never before published. Accompanying each body of work is an introductory text written by the artist, while the essay 'Tuymans, Loyola, Leibniz', specially commissioned by Mexican artist Pablo Sigg, provides historical and philosophical context. 'Proper', an essay by Belgian art historian Gerrit Vermeiren, looks at one body of work in detail, tracing the themes and sources of each painting and capturing the cultural atmosphere of the moment in which they were produced. And an extensive interview between Tuymans and his assistant Tommy Simoens offers additional insight into the artist's thinking and motivations. Celebrated as one of the world's most gifted and visionary painters, Tuymans has been creating iconic works of contemporary painting for nearly three decades. With their enigmatic compositions and modulated colours, these works are moving and unmistakable, and their power continues to win new converts to Tuymans's chilling vision of history painting.
Social Forms: A Short History of Political Art
Author: Christian Viveros-Faune
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 1941701906
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
In an increasingly polarized world, with shifting and extreme politics, Social Forms illustrates artists at the forefront of political and social resistance. Highlighting different moments of crisis and how these are reflected and preserved through crucial artworks, it also asks how to make art in the age of Brexit, Trump, and the refugee and climate crises. In Social Forms: A Short History of Political Art, renowned critic, curator, and writer Christian Viveros-Fauné has picked fifty representative artworks—from Francisco de Goya’s The Disasters of War (1810–1820) to David Hammons’s In the Hood (1993)—that give voice to some of modern art’s strongest calls to political action. In accessible and witty entries on each piece, Viveros-Fauné paints a picture of the context in which each work was created, the artist’s background, and the historical impact of each contribution. At times artists create projects that subvert existing power structures; at other moments they make artwork so powerful it challenges the very fabric of society. Whether it is Picasso’s Guernica and its place at the 1937 Worlds Fair, or Jenny Holzer’s Truisms (1977–1979), which still stop us in our tracks, this book tells the story behind some of the most important and unexpected encounters between artworks and the real worlds they engage with. Never professing to be a definitive history of political art, Social Forms delivers a unique and compelling portrait of how artists during the last 150 years have dealt with changing political systems, the violence of modern warfare, the rise of consumer culture worldwide, the prevalence of inequality and racism, and the challenges of technology.
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 1941701906
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 117
Book Description
In an increasingly polarized world, with shifting and extreme politics, Social Forms illustrates artists at the forefront of political and social resistance. Highlighting different moments of crisis and how these are reflected and preserved through crucial artworks, it also asks how to make art in the age of Brexit, Trump, and the refugee and climate crises. In Social Forms: A Short History of Political Art, renowned critic, curator, and writer Christian Viveros-Fauné has picked fifty representative artworks—from Francisco de Goya’s The Disasters of War (1810–1820) to David Hammons’s In the Hood (1993)—that give voice to some of modern art’s strongest calls to political action. In accessible and witty entries on each piece, Viveros-Fauné paints a picture of the context in which each work was created, the artist’s background, and the historical impact of each contribution. At times artists create projects that subvert existing power structures; at other moments they make artwork so powerful it challenges the very fabric of society. Whether it is Picasso’s Guernica and its place at the 1937 Worlds Fair, or Jenny Holzer’s Truisms (1977–1979), which still stop us in our tracks, this book tells the story behind some of the most important and unexpected encounters between artworks and the real worlds they engage with. Never professing to be a definitive history of political art, Social Forms delivers a unique and compelling portrait of how artists during the last 150 years have dealt with changing political systems, the violence of modern warfare, the rise of consumer culture worldwide, the prevalence of inequality and racism, and the challenges of technology.
Luc Tuymans, Graphic Works 1989-2012
Author: Luc Tuymans
Publisher: Ludion
ISBN: 9789461300515
Category : Graphic arts
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Catalogue raisonne, offering a retrospective of more than twenty years of graphic works in various techniques, from photocopy to serigraph on monotype, lithograph, aquatint, photogravure, in situ projects and installations. Using unpublished source material and proofs, Polaroids and watercolours--some from the archives of the master printer Roger Vandaele and the artist's own studio. An illustrated survey of Tuymans' complete graphic work from 1989 to 2012.
Publisher: Ludion
ISBN: 9789461300515
Category : Graphic arts
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Catalogue raisonne, offering a retrospective of more than twenty years of graphic works in various techniques, from photocopy to serigraph on monotype, lithograph, aquatint, photogravure, in situ projects and installations. Using unpublished source material and proofs, Polaroids and watercolours--some from the archives of the master printer Roger Vandaele and the artist's own studio. An illustrated survey of Tuymans' complete graphic work from 1989 to 2012.
Luc Tuymans
Author: Colin Chinnery
Publisher: Ludion
ISBN: 9789491819391
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This book, published in conjunction with an exhibition at Edinburgh’s Talbot Rice Gallery, features the Belgian artist’s most recent work. Here, his fascination with Scottish light and its thinkers, who believed in the perfectibility of man, becomes apparent. Inspired by a visit to the art collection of the University of Edinburgh, Tuymans realised three small portraits of Scottish philosophers. Besides the theme of light, the notion of impending horror also plays a role in a monumental dark work, ‘The Shore’, which refers to Goya, and in the portrait of Issei Sagawa, a cannibalistic murderer. Includes a short story by British author Will Self and an essay by art historian Collin Chinnery. 00Exhibition: Talbot Rice Gallery, Edinburgh, UK (31.10-19.12.2015)
Publisher: Ludion
ISBN: 9789491819391
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
This book, published in conjunction with an exhibition at Edinburgh’s Talbot Rice Gallery, features the Belgian artist’s most recent work. Here, his fascination with Scottish light and its thinkers, who believed in the perfectibility of man, becomes apparent. Inspired by a visit to the art collection of the University of Edinburgh, Tuymans realised three small portraits of Scottish philosophers. Besides the theme of light, the notion of impending horror also plays a role in a monumental dark work, ‘The Shore’, which refers to Goya, and in the portrait of Issei Sagawa, a cannibalistic murderer. Includes a short story by British author Will Self and an essay by art historian Collin Chinnery. 00Exhibition: Talbot Rice Gallery, Edinburgh, UK (31.10-19.12.2015)
Luc Tuymans
Author: Lynne Cooke
Publisher: Thames & Hudson
ISBN: 9789491819353
Category : Art, Belgian
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Spanning some thirty years, Luc Tuymans' exhibition, "Intolerance," speaks to certain abiding preoccupations the Belgian painter has long mined in counterpoint with a rapidly changing world. Well aware from the outset of his career that painting as an art-form was widely considered in crisis and that the role and ubiquity of the image in contemporary culture was radically shifting as a consequence of proliferating technological developments, Tuymans adopted a contestatory position. In a contrarian move, painting became for him a vehicle through which the most urgent and volatile issues, whether relating to history, identity, nationalism and belief, or to head-line social and political events could be eloquently probed. Organized around key thematics in Tuymans' stringent practice, this ambitious retrospective will cast new light on his singular trajectory.
Publisher: Thames & Hudson
ISBN: 9789491819353
Category : Art, Belgian
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Spanning some thirty years, Luc Tuymans' exhibition, "Intolerance," speaks to certain abiding preoccupations the Belgian painter has long mined in counterpoint with a rapidly changing world. Well aware from the outset of his career that painting as an art-form was widely considered in crisis and that the role and ubiquity of the image in contemporary culture was radically shifting as a consequence of proliferating technological developments, Tuymans adopted a contestatory position. In a contrarian move, painting became for him a vehicle through which the most urgent and volatile issues, whether relating to history, identity, nationalism and belief, or to head-line social and political events could be eloquently probed. Organized around key thematics in Tuymans' stringent practice, this ambitious retrospective will cast new light on his singular trajectory.
Michael Borremans: Horse Hunting
Author: Michael Borremans
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 9780976913641
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 40
Book Description
Michaël Borremans: Horse Hunting was published on the occasion of the artist’s second solo exhibition at David Zwirner in 2006. Amongst the fourteen new paintings on view was the eponymous work Horse Hunting (2005), which portrays a young man, fashionably attired, holding two twigs from each of his nostrils. Available in hardcover, this catalogue includes a text by Belgian artist and curator Hans van Heirseele.
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 9780976913641
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 40
Book Description
Michaël Borremans: Horse Hunting was published on the occasion of the artist’s second solo exhibition at David Zwirner in 2006. Amongst the fourteen new paintings on view was the eponymous work Horse Hunting (2005), which portrays a young man, fashionably attired, holding two twigs from each of his nostrils. Available in hardcover, this catalogue includes a text by Belgian artist and curator Hans van Heirseele.
Tell Me Something Good
Author: Jarrett Earnest
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 194170137X
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 537
Book Description
Since 2000, The Brooklyn Rail has been a platform for artists, academics, critics, poets, and writers in New York and abroad. The monthly journal’s continued appeal is due in large part to its diverse contributors, many of whom bring contrasting and often unexpected opinions to conversations about art and aesthetics. No other publication devotes as much space to the artist’s voice, allowing ideas to unfold and idiosyncrasies to emerge through open discussion. Since its inception, cofounder and artistic director Phong Bui and the Rail’s contributors have interviewed over four hundred artists for The Brooklyn Rail. This volume brings together for the first time a selection of sixty of the most influential and seminal interviews with artists ranging from Richard Serra and Brice Marden, to Alex Da Corte and House of Ladosha. While each interview is important in its own right, offering a perspective on the life and work of a specific artist, collectively they tell the story of a journal that has grown during one of the more diverse and surprising periods in visual art. There is no unified style or perspective; The Brooklyn Rail’s strength lies in its ability to include and champion difference. Selected and coedited by Jarrett Earnest, a frequent Rail contributor, with Lucas Zwirner, the book includes an introduction to the project by Phong Bui as well as many of the hand-drawn portraits he has made of those he has interviewed over the years. This combination of verbal and visual profiles offers a rare and personal insight into contemporary visual culture. Interviews with Vito Acconci, Ai Weiwei, Lynda Benglis, James Bishop, Chris Burden, Vija Celmins, Francesco Clemente, Bruce Conner, Alex Da Corte, Rosalyn Drexler, Keltie Ferris, Simone Forti, Andrea Fraser, LaToya Ruby Frazier, Suzan Frecon, Coco Fusco, Robert Gober, Leon Golub, Ron Gorchov, Michelle Grabner, Josephine Halvorson, Sheila Hicks, David Hockney, Roni Horn, House of Ladosha, Alfredo Jaar, Bill Jensen, Alex Katz, William Kentridge, Matvey Levenstein, Nalini Malani, Brice Marden, Chris Martin, Jonas Mekas, Shirin Neshat, Thomas Nozkowski, Lorraine O’Grady, Genesis Breyer P-Orridge, Joanna Pousette-Dart, Ernesto Pujol, Martin Puryear, Walid Raad, Dorothea Rockburne, Tim Rollins and K.O.S., Robert Ryman, Dana Schutz, Richard Serra, Shahzia Sikander, Nancy Spero, Hiroshi Sugimoto, Sarah Sze, Rirkrit Tiravanija, James Turrell, Richard Tuttle, Luc Tuymans, Kara Walker, Stanley Whitney, Jack Whitten, Yan Pei-Ming, and Lisa Yuskavage Special thanks to Furthermore, a program of the J.M. Kaplan Fund, for their support of The Brooklyn Rail.
Publisher: David Zwirner Books
ISBN: 194170137X
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 537
Book Description
Since 2000, The Brooklyn Rail has been a platform for artists, academics, critics, poets, and writers in New York and abroad. The monthly journal’s continued appeal is due in large part to its diverse contributors, many of whom bring contrasting and often unexpected opinions to conversations about art and aesthetics. No other publication devotes as much space to the artist’s voice, allowing ideas to unfold and idiosyncrasies to emerge through open discussion. Since its inception, cofounder and artistic director Phong Bui and the Rail’s contributors have interviewed over four hundred artists for The Brooklyn Rail. This volume brings together for the first time a selection of sixty of the most influential and seminal interviews with artists ranging from Richard Serra and Brice Marden, to Alex Da Corte and House of Ladosha. While each interview is important in its own right, offering a perspective on the life and work of a specific artist, collectively they tell the story of a journal that has grown during one of the more diverse and surprising periods in visual art. There is no unified style or perspective; The Brooklyn Rail’s strength lies in its ability to include and champion difference. Selected and coedited by Jarrett Earnest, a frequent Rail contributor, with Lucas Zwirner, the book includes an introduction to the project by Phong Bui as well as many of the hand-drawn portraits he has made of those he has interviewed over the years. This combination of verbal and visual profiles offers a rare and personal insight into contemporary visual culture. Interviews with Vito Acconci, Ai Weiwei, Lynda Benglis, James Bishop, Chris Burden, Vija Celmins, Francesco Clemente, Bruce Conner, Alex Da Corte, Rosalyn Drexler, Keltie Ferris, Simone Forti, Andrea Fraser, LaToya Ruby Frazier, Suzan Frecon, Coco Fusco, Robert Gober, Leon Golub, Ron Gorchov, Michelle Grabner, Josephine Halvorson, Sheila Hicks, David Hockney, Roni Horn, House of Ladosha, Alfredo Jaar, Bill Jensen, Alex Katz, William Kentridge, Matvey Levenstein, Nalini Malani, Brice Marden, Chris Martin, Jonas Mekas, Shirin Neshat, Thomas Nozkowski, Lorraine O’Grady, Genesis Breyer P-Orridge, Joanna Pousette-Dart, Ernesto Pujol, Martin Puryear, Walid Raad, Dorothea Rockburne, Tim Rollins and K.O.S., Robert Ryman, Dana Schutz, Richard Serra, Shahzia Sikander, Nancy Spero, Hiroshi Sugimoto, Sarah Sze, Rirkrit Tiravanija, James Turrell, Richard Tuttle, Luc Tuymans, Kara Walker, Stanley Whitney, Jack Whitten, Yan Pei-Ming, and Lisa Yuskavage Special thanks to Furthermore, a program of the J.M. Kaplan Fund, for their support of The Brooklyn Rail.
The Image Revisited
Author:
Publisher: Thames & Hudson
ISBN: 9789491819797
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
At the age of nineteen, a young Luc Tuymans saw for the very first time the work of El Greco on a visit to the Szépmvészeti Múzeum in Budapest, an event that sparked his imagination and prompted him to embark on a journey that would lead him to be one of today's most influential artists. Almost forty years later, that life-changing experience is recounted and celebrated in The Image Revisited: Luc Tuymans in conversation with... , a book that acts both as a monograph and a history of art book. Timed to coincide with an exhibition organized by Tuymans at MuHKA, Antwerp, in June 2018, this richly illustrated book includes three conversations Tuymans had with art historians Hans Maria De Wolf, Gottfried Böhm and T.J. Clark in museums in Basel, Brussels and Budapest over the course of three years. What emerges, along with a fascinating discussion on the work of artists such as El Greco, Cézanne, Goya, de la Tour, Titian, Courbet, Mantegna, Hopper, Newman and Richter amongst others, is an insight into Tuymans' own creative process, and how the great art of the past inspired and motivated him.
Publisher: Thames & Hudson
ISBN: 9789491819797
Category : Art
Languages : en
Pages : 280
Book Description
At the age of nineteen, a young Luc Tuymans saw for the very first time the work of El Greco on a visit to the Szépmvészeti Múzeum in Budapest, an event that sparked his imagination and prompted him to embark on a journey that would lead him to be one of today's most influential artists. Almost forty years later, that life-changing experience is recounted and celebrated in The Image Revisited: Luc Tuymans in conversation with... , a book that acts both as a monograph and a history of art book. Timed to coincide with an exhibition organized by Tuymans at MuHKA, Antwerp, in June 2018, this richly illustrated book includes three conversations Tuymans had with art historians Hans Maria De Wolf, Gottfried Böhm and T.J. Clark in museums in Basel, Brussels and Budapest over the course of three years. What emerges, along with a fascinating discussion on the work of artists such as El Greco, Cézanne, Goya, de la Tour, Titian, Courbet, Mantegna, Hopper, Newman and Richter amongst others, is an insight into Tuymans' own creative process, and how the great art of the past inspired and motivated him.