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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Saint Lawrence Lowlands in eastern Canada contain extensive deposits of marine soils deposited in post-glacial seas during and following the retreat of the most recent continental glacier. These marine soils include silt and clay deposits known collectively as Champlain clay. When the pore fluid in these marine deposits has changed over time to a lower salinity, the clay can become very sensitive, or demonstrate substantial strength loss after reaching the peak strength with sufficient strain under undrained load conditions. Sensitive clay soils are subject to a peculiar type of very large landslide that typically involves great extents of nearly horizontal ground, usually occurring suddenly and without warning. These landslides tend to be described as "retrogressive" in the literature and practice, implying that they develop as a series of successive small failures that advance rearward until a final stable position is reached. The work of this thesis is organized into four different themes, with an overall objective of understanding the hazard and risk associated with large landslides in sensitive clay to linear infrastructure such as railways. The first theme, documented in Chapter 2, develops a number of spatial relationships between specific physiographic and geologic features and landslide occurrence or absence, as determined through air photo analysis and a review of the literature. The second theme, documented in Chapter 3, presents the construction of a digital database of large landslides in sensitive clay in eastern Canada, for the purposes of studying landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk. The third theme, documented in Chapters 4 and 5, presents and defends a novel mechanical model for development of these large landslides. This model suggests the landslides develop progressively, rather than retrogressively, and the science of fracture mechanics is employed to substantiate the model. The fourth theme, documented in Chapters 6 and 7, synthesizes.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Saint Lawrence Lowlands in eastern Canada contain extensive deposits of marine soils deposited in post-glacial seas during and following the retreat of the most recent continental glacier. These marine soils include silt and clay deposits known collectively as Champlain clay. When the pore fluid in these marine deposits has changed over time to a lower salinity, the clay can become very sensitive, or demonstrate substantial strength loss after reaching the peak strength with sufficient strain under undrained load conditions. Sensitive clay soils are subject to a peculiar type of very large landslide that typically involves great extents of nearly horizontal ground, usually occurring suddenly and without warning. These landslides tend to be described as "retrogressive" in the literature and practice, implying that they develop as a series of successive small failures that advance rearward until a final stable position is reached. The work of this thesis is organized into four different themes, with an overall objective of understanding the hazard and risk associated with large landslides in sensitive clay to linear infrastructure such as railways. The first theme, documented in Chapter 2, develops a number of spatial relationships between specific physiographic and geologic features and landslide occurrence or absence, as determined through air photo analysis and a review of the literature. The second theme, documented in Chapter 3, presents the construction of a digital database of large landslides in sensitive clay in eastern Canada, for the purposes of studying landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk. The third theme, documented in Chapters 4 and 5, presents and defends a novel mechanical model for development of these large landslides. This model suggests the landslides develop progressively, rather than retrogressively, and the science of fracture mechanics is employed to substantiate the model. The fourth theme, documented in Chapters 6 and 7, synthesizes.
Author: Vikas Thakur
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319564870
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 593
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Book Description
This book gathers the most recent scientific research on the geological, geotechnical and geophysical aspects of slope failure in sensitive clays. Gathering contributions by international experts, it focuses on understanding the complete and practical spectrum of challenges presented by landslides in such complex materials. Based on sound and validated research results, the book also presents several recommendations that could be implemented in the guidelines or code-of-practice. These recommendations cover topics including the characterization and behavior of sensitive clays; the pre-failure, failure and post-failure stages of sensitive clays; mapping and identification methods; climate change; hazard assessment; and risk management. Sensitive clays are known for their potential for causing large landslides, which pose a serious risk to human lives, infrastructure, and surrounding ecosystems within their reach. This has been demonstrated by the recent catastrophic landslides in e.g. Sørum (2016), Skjeggestad (2015), Statland (2014), Byneset (2012), St-Jude (2010), Lyngen (2010) and Kattmarka (2009). The 2015 collapse of the Skjeggestad Bridge in Norway – which was due to a landslide in sensitive clay – alone costs millions of dollars in repairs. Recently, efforts are being made to increase society’s ability to cope with such landslide hazards. Geoscientists are now expected to provide input to the agencies responsible for landslide-risk preparedness. In other words, geoscientists’ role is not only to act as technologists to establish new theories, but also to go the extra mile to implement them in practice, so as to find meaningful solutions to geotechnical problems.
Author: Jean-Sébastien L'Heureux
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400770790
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 416
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Book Description
Landslides in sensitive clays represent a major hazard in the northern countries of the world such as Canada, Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and in the US state of Alaska. Past and recent examples of catastrophic landslides at e.g. Saint-Jean-Vianney in 1971, Rissa in 1979, Finneidfjord in 1996 and Kattmarka in 2009 have illustrated the great mobility of the remolded sensitive clays and their hazardous retrogressive potential. These events call for a better understanding of landslide in sensitive clay terrain to assist authorities with state-of-the-art hazard assessment methods, risk management schemes, mitigation measures and planning. During the last decades the elevated awareness regarding slope movement in sensitive clays has led to major advances in mapping techniques and development of highly sophisticated geotechnical and geophysical investigation tools. Great advances in numerical techniques dealing with progressive failure and landslide kinematic have also lead to increase understanding and predictability of landslides in sensitive clays and their consequences. This volume consists of the latest scientific research by international experts dealing with geological, geotechnical and geophysical aspects of slope failure in sensitive clays and focuses on understanding the full spectrum of challenges presented by landslides in such brittle materials.
Author: Chen Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Landslides in sensitive clays represent a severe geohazard in eastern Canada and Scandinavia. Triggered by various factors, such as toe erosion, earthquake, and human activities, a sensitive clay landslide can affect a large area and cause damage to infrastructure. The evaluation of risk associated with sensitive clay landslides is an important but challenging task because the failure mechanisms are not well understood. Different types of landslide (e.g. flowslide, monolithic slide, and spread) occur through significantly different failure processes that affect both retrogression and run-out. Full-scale modeling of such large-scale landslides is not practically feasible. On the other hand, real-time monitoring of the failure in the field is not possible. Therefore, the characteristics of the landslides are generally evaluated by comparing post-slide field investigations with available information on the site before the landslide. Numerical modeling could be an alternative tool to obtain further insights into the failure mechanisms. The failure occurs by progressive formation of shear bands where extremely large plastic shear strain generates, and the failed soil displaces over a large distance. Consequently, the methods commonly used for slope stability analysis, such as limit equilibrium (LE) methods and Lagrangian-based finite element (FE) methods, cannot be used to model the whole process of a sensitive clay landslide. The main objective of the present study is to analyze the factors affecting the failure pattern and extent of sensitive clay landslides triggered by toe erosion and seismic loading. A large deformation finite element (LDFE) method based on Eulerian approach is used to simulate the triggering of the landslide, subsequent failure of soil blocks and run-out of the debris. The landslide generally occurs rapidly in a matter of few minutes; therefore, the simulation is performed for the undrained condition. The strain-softening behavior of sensitive clay is defined as a function of plastic shear displacement that reduces the undrained shear strength to a very low value at a large strain. A strain-rate dependent undrained shear strength model is used, which can model the behavior of soil and remolded clay that flows at a high speed as a fluid-like material. The formation of a slope generally occurs due to the removal of the materials in drained condition. Moreover, groundwater seepage might dominate the failure of a slope. Numerical simulation techniques for the Eulerian based LDFE method are developed to simulate in-situ effective stresses, which can be used for the cases of widely varying earth pressure coefficient at rest, even greater than unity. Based on the thermal-hydraulic analogy, a numerical modeling technique is developed for seepage analysis. The above-mentioned methods can successfully simulate the initial stress condition in the soil that affects the failure mechanisms significantly. Many failures of sensitive clay slope are initiated by toe erosion. Conducting LDFE simulations, the potential conditions required for a flowslide and a spread are identified. The type and extent (retrogression and run-out) of a landslide depend on a combination of several factors related to geometry and soil properties. A single parameter, such as stability number, remolded shear strength, liquidity index or remolded energy, may not always be suitable to categorize failure type. Increasing lateral earth pressure coefficient at-rest shows a trend of occurring spreads, while a low remolded shear strength and favorable conditions for rapid displacement of debris result in flowslides. The comparison of LDFE simulations and post-slide investigations of the 2010 Saint-Jude landslide show that the present numerical simulations can explain several features of the landslide, including the effects of seepage and an opposite riverbank on progressive failure. Finally, pseudostatic and dynamic analyses are performed using the developed LDFE method to study the progressive formation of failure planes in clay slopes subjected to earthquake loading. The LDFE modeling in Eulerian approach can simulate the large displacement of the failed soil blocks, considering the reduction of shear strength due to strain-softening.
Author: Oldrich Hungr
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439833710
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 776
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Book Description
Landslide Risk Management comprises the proceedings of the International Conference on Landslide Risk Management, held in Vancouver, Canada, from May 31 to June 3, 2005. The first part of the book contains state-of-the-art and invited lectures, prepared by teams of authors selected for their experience in specific topics assigned to them by the JTC
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Engineering geology
Languages : en
Pages : 538
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Book Description
Author: Eden, W. J
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clay
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 35
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Book Description
Author: C. Bonnard
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482283875
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
Large landslides affect many mountain valleys in Europe. They are characterised by a low probability of evolution into a catastrophic event but can have very large impacts on population, infrastructures and the environment. This impact is becoming more and more pronounced due to increasing tourism and the construction of new roads and railways in m
Author: David Cruden
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 135143585X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
The 25 papers collected together in this volume present comprehensive coverage of all major aspects of landslide risk assessment, including the risk assessment framework, and methods for estimating probability of landsliding vulnerability and risk.
