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Author: Effrosyni Diamantoudi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
The present paper examines the stability of self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) among heterogeneous countries in a two-stage emission game. In the first stage, each country decides whether or not to join the agreement, while in the second stage the quantity of emissions is chosen simultaneously by all countries. We use quadratic benefit and environmental damage functions and assume k types of countries that differ in their sensitivity to the global pollutant. We find that the introduction of heterogeneity does not yield larger stable coalitions. In particular, we show that, in the case of two types, when stable coalitions exist their size is very small, and, if the asymmetry is strong enough, they include only one type of countries. Moreover, heterogeneity can reduce the scope of cooperation relative to the homogeneous case. We demonstrated that introducing asymmetry into a stable, under symmetry, agreement can disturb stability.
Author: Effrosyni Diamantoudi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 34
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Book Description
The present paper examines the stability of self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) among heterogeneous countries in a two-stage emission game. In the first stage, each country decides whether or not to join the agreement, while in the second stage the quantity of emissions is chosen simultaneously by all countries. We use quadratic benefit and environmental damage functions and assume k types of countries that differ in their sensitivity to the global pollutant. We find that the introduction of heterogeneity does not yield larger stable coalitions. In particular, we show that, in the case of two types, when stable coalitions exist their size is very small, and, if the asymmetry is strong enough, they include only one type of countries. Moreover, heterogeneity can reduce the scope of cooperation relative to the homogeneous case. We demonstrated that introducing asymmetry into a stable, under symmetry, agreement can disturb stability.
Author: Stefania Strantza
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 143
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Book Description
This thesis is a study of International Environmental Agreements (IEAs). It examines the formation and stability of self-enforcing IEAs by addressing three important aspects: (i) the impact of heterogeneity among countries on stability, (ii) the effect of transfers among heterogeneous countries on stability (iii) the role issue linkage (environmental and trade policies) can play in enhancing international environmental cooperation. Chapter 1 investigates IEAs among heterogeneous countries in a two-stage non-cooperative game with quadratic benefit and environmental damage functions and simultaneous choice of emissions. The model is solved analytically, and it is shown that stable agreements cannot be larger with asymmetric than symmetric countries. Their size remains small and their membership depends on the degree of heterogeneity. Moreover, results reveal that introducing asymmetry into a stable, under symmetry, agreement can disturb stability. Therefore, the assumption of homogeneity is not the determining factor driving the pessimistic result of very small agreements. Chapter 2 is an extension of Chapter 1, implementing policies (transfers) that can increase cooperation incentives among heterogeneous countries. It is shown that in the presence of transfers the size of a stable coalition can be enlarged, due to the contribution of those that are more sensitive to environmental pollution. As the degree of heterogeneity increases, the size of a stable, under transfers, agreement increases as well. However, the analysis demonstrates that reductions in emissions (due to the enlargement of the coalitions) and welfare improvements are rather small, confirming the persistent conclusion in the literature noted as the "paradox of cooperation". Chapter 3 considers the formation and stability of Global Agreements (GAs). The basic model of the IEAs' literature is extended by letting identical countries choose emission taxes and import tariffs as their policy instruments to manage climate change and control trade. Results illustrate the importance of environmental and trade policies working together to enhance cooperation in effective agreements. Contrary to the IEA model, stable agreements are larger and more efficient in reducing global emissions and improving welfare. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the size of a stable agreement increases in the number of countries affected by the externalities.
Author: M. Özgür Kayalıca
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1317231279
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 292
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Book Description
International environmental agreements provide a basis for countries to address ecological problems on a global scale. However, countries are heterogeneous with respect to their economic structures and to the problems relating to the environment that they encounter. Therefore, economic externalities and global environmental conflicts are common and can cause problems in implementation and compliance with international agreements. Economics of International Environmental Agreements illuminates those issues and factors that might cause some countries or firms to take different positions on common problems. This book explores why international environmental agreements deal with some problems successfully but fail with others. The chapters address issues that are global in nature, such as: transboundary pollution, provision of global public goods, individual preferences of inequality- aversion, global cooperation, self-enforcing international environmental agreements, emission standards, abatement costs, environmental quota, technology agreement and adoption and international institutions. They examine the necessary conditions for the improved performance of international environmental agreements, how cooperation among countries can be improved and the incentives that can be created for voluntary compliance with international environmental agreements. This text is of great importance to academics, students and policy makers who are interested in environmental economics, policy and politics, as well as environmental law.
Author: Effrosyni Diamantoudi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: M. Özgür Kayalıca
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317231260
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 271
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Book Description
International environmental agreements provide a basis for countries to address ecological problems on a global scale. However, countries are heterogeneous with respect to their economic structures and to the problems relating to the environment that they encounter. Therefore, economic externalities and global environmental conflicts are common and can cause problems in implementation and compliance with international agreements. Economics of International Environmental Agreements illuminates those issues and factors that might cause some countries or firms to take different positions on common problems. This book explores why international environmental agreements deal with some problems successfully but fail with others. The chapters address issues that are global in nature, such as: transboundary pollution, provision of global public goods, individual preferences of inequality- aversion, global cooperation, self-enforcing international environmental agreements, emission standards, abatement costs, environmental quota, technology agreement and adoption and international institutions. They examine the necessary conditions for the improved performance of international environmental agreements, how cooperation among countries can be improved and the incentives that can be created for voluntary compliance with international environmental agreements. This text is of great importance to academics, students and policy makers who are interested in environmental economics, policy and politics, as well as environmental law.
Author: Scott Barrett
Publisher: OUP Oxford
ISBN: 9780191531446
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Book Description
Environmental problems like global climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion can only be remedied if states cooperate with one another. But sovereign states usually care only about their own interests. So states must somehow restructure the incentives to make cooperation pay. This is what treaties are meant to do. A few treaties, such as the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, succeed. Most, however, fail to alter the state behaviour appreciably. This book develops a theory that explains both the successes and the failures. In particular, the book explains when treaties are needed, why some work better than others, and how treaty design can be improved. The best treaties strategically manipulate the incentives states have to exploit the environment, and the theory developed in this book shows how treaties can do this. The theory integrates a number of disciplines, including economics, political science, international law, negotiation analysis, and game theory. It also offers a coherent and consistent approach. The essential assumption is that treaties be self-enforcing-that is, individually rational, collectively rational, and fair. The book applies the theory to a number of environmental problems. It provides information on more than three hundred treaties, and analyses a number of case studies in detail. These include depletion of the ozone layer, whaling, pollution of the Rhine, acid rain, over-fishing, pollution of the oceans, and global climate change. The essential lesson of the book is that treaties should not just tell countries what to do. Treaties must make it in the interests of countries to behave differently. That is, they must restructure the underlying game. Most importantly, they must create incentives for states to participate in a treaty and for parties to comply.
Author:
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080964524
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1056
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Book Description
Every decision about energy involves its price and cost. The price of gasoline and the cost of buying from foreign producers; the price of nuclear and hydroelectricity and the costs to our ecosystems; the price of electricity from coal-fired plants and the cost to the atmosphere. Giving life to inventions, lifestyle changes, geopolitical shifts, and things in-between, energy economics is of high interest to Academia, Corporations and Governments. For economists, energy economics is one of three subdisciplines which, taken together, compose an economic approach to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources: energy economics, which focuses on energy-related subjects such as renewable energy, hydropower, nuclear power, and the political economy of energy resource economics, which covers subjects in land and water use, such as mining, fisheries, agriculture, and forests environmental economics, which takes a broader view of natural resources through economic concepts such as risk, valuation, regulation, and distribution Although the three are closely related, they are not often presented as an integrated whole. This Encyclopedia has done just that by unifying these fields into a high-quality and unique overview. The only reference work that codifies the relationships among the three subdisciplines: energy economics, resource economics and environmental economics. Understanding these relationships just became simpler! Nobel Prize Winning Editor-in-Chief (joint recipient 2007 Peace Prize), Jason Shogren, has demonstrated excellent team work again, by coordinating and steering his Editorial Board to produce a cohesive work that guides the user seamlessly through the diverse topics This work contains in equal parts information from and about business, academic, and government perspectives and is intended to serve as a tool for unifying and systematizing research and analysis in business, universities, and government
Author: John F. McEldowney
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780857938206
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Featuring an original introduction by the editors, this important collection of essays explores the main issues surrounding the regulation of the environment. The expert contributors illustrate that regulating the environment in the UK is conceptually complex, involves a diverse range of institutions, techniques and methodologies and crosses geographical and national boundaries. In the USA it is more formalised, juridical, adversarial and formally dependent upon legal rules. The articles highlight the fact that despite differences in the UK and the USA's regulatory styles, environmental regulation today has much in common with both traditions.
Author:
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444639268
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 600
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Book Description
Handbook of Commercial Policy explores three main topics that permeate the study of commercial policy. The first section presents a broad set of basic empirical facts regarding the pattern and evolution of commercial policy, with the second section investigating the crosscutting legal issues relating to the purpose and design of agreements. Final sections cover key issues of commercial policy in the modern global economy. Every chapter in the book provides coverage from the perspectives of multilateral, and where appropriate, preferential trade agreements. While most other volumes are policy-oriented, this comprehensive guide explores the ways that intellectual thinking and rigor organize research, further making frontier-level synthesis and current theoretical, and empirical, research accessible to all. Covers the research areas that are critical for understanding how the world of commercial policy has changed, especially over the last 20 years Presents the way in which research on the topic has evolved Scrutinizes the economic modeling of bargaining and legal issues Useful for examining the theory and empirics of commercial policy
Author: Carlo Carraro
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
This work presents important papers which examine international environmental negotiations and agreements. Issues discussed include: the problems of interactions between environmental policies and trade and industrial policies; the role of issue linkage in securing stability in environmental agreements; the role of an arbitrator in environmental negtiations where no supra-national authority exists, the consequences for the existence of self-enforcing agreements; and the relationship between environmental negotiations on trade liberalization and R&D co-operation.
