INTERLEUKIN-6 IN RESPONSE TO HIGH INTENSITY AND MODERATE INTENSITY EXERCISE TRAINING IN AFRICAN AMERICAN INDIVIDUALS. PDF Download
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Author: Polina Krassovskaia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Skeletal muscle has been identified as an endocrine organ that releases myokines with contraction. These myokines have been defined as cytokines and peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers that can have either an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine action1. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been identified as a prototypic exercise myokine and can be measured in plasma after a single, acute bout of exercise2. IL-6, however, has implications in both the development and prevention of metabolic disease. The effect of exercise duration on IL-6 has been outlined in the literature3-5, but the effect of exercise intensity has yet to receive the same attention. In addition, racial disparities in the development of metabolic disease have been shown with African Americans having a significantly greater prevalence of CVD and type 2 diabetes than Caucasians in the United States6. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise training on basal, plasma IL-6 in overweight and obese African American individuals. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was performed on overweight and obese (body mass index of 25-45 kg/m2), sedentary African American individuals (35-65 years) (n=24). Participants were randomly assigned to either a non-exercise control group or a moderate or high intensity aerobic exercise training group for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise was performed at a heart rate associated with 45-55% of VO2 max for the moderate intensity group or 70-80% of VO2 max for the high intensity group for a total exercise dose of 600 metabolic equivalents of task (MET-) minutes per week. Pre- and post-exercise intervention 12-hour fasted intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed. IVGTT samples were analyzed for insulin,glucose, lactate, and IL-6 using the Beckman Coulter clinical analyzer system. Bergman's Minimal Model7 was used to assess insulin and glucose kinetics of the IVGTT. Additional bloodsamples were also drawn and sent to a clinical laboratory (LabCorp Inc., Burlington,NC) to beanalyzed for a complete lipid and metabolic profile. RESULTS: In the control group, there were 11 participants, 6 participants in the moderate intensity exercise group, and 7 participants in the high intensity exercise group. Nosignificant differences were found between the randomization groups for age, gender, weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, glucose, insulin, and IL-6. Baseline BMI was significantly associated with baseline HOMA-IR (r=786, p[less-than]0.01) and baseline insulin (r=0.784, p[less-than]0.01). \ There was no significant change in IL-6 with the moderate or high intensity exercise group compared to the control group (p=0.8364). In addition, there was no significant change in SI (p=0.233), DI (p=0.422), or HOMA-IR (p=0.653). There was no significant correlation between relative fold change of IL-6 and SI (p=0.772), DI (p=0.545), or HOMA-IR (p=0.165). CONCLUSION: The present study did not find that moderate intensity aerobic exercise training nor high intensity aerobic exercise training decreased basal, plasma IL-6 in sedentary, obese and overweight African Americans. Insulin sensitivity was not improved in either exercise group when compared to the non-exercise control group. A broader scope on IL-6 is suggested for future studies and should include not only plasma but adipocyte IL-6 production as well as mRNA for IL-6. In addition, allowing enrollment of Caucasian individuals will allow for a direct comparison with African American individuals to further understand racial differences in the exercise response.
Author: Polina Krassovskaia
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Skeletal muscle has been identified as an endocrine organ that releases myokines with contraction. These myokines have been defined as cytokines and peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers that can have either an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine action1. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been identified as a prototypic exercise myokine and can be measured in plasma after a single, acute bout of exercise2. IL-6, however, has implications in both the development and prevention of metabolic disease. The effect of exercise duration on IL-6 has been outlined in the literature3-5, but the effect of exercise intensity has yet to receive the same attention. In addition, racial disparities in the development of metabolic disease have been shown with African Americans having a significantly greater prevalence of CVD and type 2 diabetes than Caucasians in the United States6. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise training on basal, plasma IL-6 in overweight and obese African American individuals. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was performed on overweight and obese (body mass index of 25-45 kg/m2), sedentary African American individuals (35-65 years) (n=24). Participants were randomly assigned to either a non-exercise control group or a moderate or high intensity aerobic exercise training group for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise was performed at a heart rate associated with 45-55% of VO2 max for the moderate intensity group or 70-80% of VO2 max for the high intensity group for a total exercise dose of 600 metabolic equivalents of task (MET-) minutes per week. Pre- and post-exercise intervention 12-hour fasted intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed. IVGTT samples were analyzed for insulin,glucose, lactate, and IL-6 using the Beckman Coulter clinical analyzer system. Bergman's Minimal Model7 was used to assess insulin and glucose kinetics of the IVGTT. Additional bloodsamples were also drawn and sent to a clinical laboratory (LabCorp Inc., Burlington,NC) to beanalyzed for a complete lipid and metabolic profile. RESULTS: In the control group, there were 11 participants, 6 participants in the moderate intensity exercise group, and 7 participants in the high intensity exercise group. Nosignificant differences were found between the randomization groups for age, gender, weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, glucose, insulin, and IL-6. Baseline BMI was significantly associated with baseline HOMA-IR (r=786, p[less-than]0.01) and baseline insulin (r=0.784, p[less-than]0.01). \ There was no significant change in IL-6 with the moderate or high intensity exercise group compared to the control group (p=0.8364). In addition, there was no significant change in SI (p=0.233), DI (p=0.422), or HOMA-IR (p=0.653). There was no significant correlation between relative fold change of IL-6 and SI (p=0.772), DI (p=0.545), or HOMA-IR (p=0.165). CONCLUSION: The present study did not find that moderate intensity aerobic exercise training nor high intensity aerobic exercise training decreased basal, plasma IL-6 in sedentary, obese and overweight African Americans. Insulin sensitivity was not improved in either exercise group when compared to the non-exercise control group. A broader scope on IL-6 is suggested for future studies and should include not only plasma but adipocyte IL-6 production as well as mRNA for IL-6. In addition, allowing enrollment of Caucasian individuals will allow for a direct comparison with African American individuals to further understand racial differences in the exercise response.
Author: Anna Huff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 49
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Book Description
Racial health disparities have been shown in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) with African Americans having a substantially greater risk compared to Caucasian Americans. One potential factor explaining racial differences in CVD may be increased levels of systemic inflammation in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Epidemiological studies have shown that CRP (a marker of systemic inflammation) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality6,7, and is higher in African Americans compared to Caucasians. In addition to the elevated CRP levels, African Americans have increased levels of obesity and lower cardiorespiratory fitness compared to Caucasians. Although results have been inconsistent in studies related to exercise interventions to improve CRP levels, many studies have had primarily Caucasian participants and/or have used different intensities of aerobic training. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of moderate and high intensity aerobic exercise training on CRP in obese African-American men and women. METHODS: The present study was a randomized-controlled trial of 60 obese and overweight African American men and women (body mass index of 25-45 kg/m2), 35-65 years. Participants were randomized to the moderate intensity (MOD-INT; n = 20), high intensity (HIGH-INT; n = 20), or non-exercise control group (n = 20) for a 24-week intervention. The moderate intensity group participated in aerobic exercise at 50% of their VO2 max, and the high intensity group participated in aerobic exercise at 75% of their VO2 max. Participants completed a 12-hour fasted blood draw at the East Carolina Heart Institute. A venous blood sample of a total of 21 mL of blood was drawn by the study nurse pre and post exercise intervention. Blood samples were sent to a clinical laboratory (LabCorp Inc., Burlington, NC) for a complete analysis of metabolic, lipid, insulin level measures, CRP, and blood chemistries. The serum separator tube was sent to LabCorp for measurement of C-reactive protein. RESULTS: There were 11 participants in the control group, 10 participants in the moderate intensity exercise group, and 13 in the high intensity exercise group. There were no significant differences between the randomization groups for age, gender, weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, glucose, insulin, and CRP (p> 0.05). We did not observe significant change in CRP levels among study groups in the MOD or the HIT group compared to the CON in obese African-American adults (p=1.00). The association between exercisers and change in CRP and fat-mass approached a significant change (r=-0.379, p=0.07). The HIGH-INT group had a larger increase in VO2 max (ml·kg·min; L/min) (p[less-than]0.05) compared to the CON group. Also, there was a significant relationship between the CON group and MOD intensity group in estimated METs (p[less-than]0.01). Data for changes in clinical risk factors between participants based on change in CRP are shown in Table 2. There were no significant changes found in CRP for any clinical risk factors between non-responders and responders (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we observed that neither moderate or high intensity aerobic decreased systemic inflammation levels in obese African Americans. Secondly, CRP was not improved with a change in fat-mass in exercisers. Future research could allow for the analysis of both Caucasian and African Americans, allowing for a more direct comparison between the two races for the intervention variables measured. Also, it could entail an interval training aerobic group, as well as a resistance training exercise group to elucidate further comparisons in intervention variables. Lastly, future studies may want to combine dietary and exercise to potentially lower CRP to a greater extent than exercise alone.
Author: Peter J. Ferrandi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cellular control mechanisms
Languages : en
Pages : 55
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Book Description
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of acute high-intensity interval Exercise (HIIE) on plasma cfDNA and IL-6 responses in obese and normal-weight subjects. Fifteen subjects (8 obese and 7 normal-weight) were recruited to participate in an acute HIIE protocol. Our results demonstrated a significant elevation across time in plasma cfDNA and IL-6 immediately following acute HIIE, with no difference between obese and normal-weight subjects. Furthermore, cfDNA was not correlated with IL-6 in response to acute HIIE in either group. These findings indicate that the obese state does not further exacerbate the release of acute HIIE-induced inflammatory mediators (cfDNA and IL-6), which suggests that HIIE training may serve as a time-effective exercise strategy to improve obesity-associated inflammation.
Author: Dianne Babbitt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 129
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African Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the world which may emanate from their predisposition to heightened endothelial inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo influence of aerobic exercise training (AEXT) on the anti-inflammatory biomarker interleukin-10 (IL-10), the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), the endothelial activation marker CD62E+ endothelial microparticle (EMP), and the vasodilatory biomarker nitric oxide (NO) in an African American cohort. A secondary purpose was to conduct a complementary in vitro study on the influence of IL-10 and laminar shear stress (LSS) on African American endothelial cells. In Vivo Methods: The subjects were sedentary, putatively healthy, 45-71 y/o African American men and women. A pre-post study design was employed with baseline and post-intervention evaluations of office blood pressure, fasting blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Subjects engaged in AEXT three times per week for six months at an intensity equivalent to 65% of their VO2max. Plasma concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were determined using a modified Griess assay. Plasma samples for CRP were sent to Quest Diagnostics Inc. for analysis. Circulating CD62E+ EMPs were quantified using a flow cytometer. In Vitro Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from an African American donor were cultured and exposed to four experimental conditions: Static, Static with IL-10 Incubation, LSS at 20 dynes/cm2, and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation. Western blotting experiments were conducted to measure endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and its phosphorylated form (p-eNOS) at Serine 1177 in the cells in all four conditions. A modified Griess assay was used to measure NOx in the cell culture supernatant. In Vivo Results: There was a significant increase in NO (n=24; p=0.002), a significant decrease in IL-6 (n=32; p=0.04), a significant decrease in CRP (n=37; p=0.01), and a significant decrease in CD62E+ EMPs (n=28; pIn Vitro Results: Protein expression levels of both eNOS and p-eNOS were significantly increased in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. NO concentration levels were significantly increased in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. Conclusion: Based on these results, AEXT may be a viable, non-pharmacologic method to improve vascular inflammation status and vasodilation, and thereby contribute to reduced hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in African Americans.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 2068
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Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Author: Michael Gleeson
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0443101183
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 338
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Book Description
This title is directed primarily towards health care professionals outside of the United States. Designed to help readers understand and evaluate the relationship between exercise, immune function and infection risk, this book presents evidence for the "J-shaped" relationship between exercise load and infection risk. It also describes the components of the human immune system and key functions that protect the body from disease, the impact of acute and chronic psychological stress on immune function, and practical guidelines for minimizing the risk of immunodepression and infection in athletes. Further chapters explore different ways of measuring immune function, as well as the effects of heavy training on innate and specific (acquired) immunity, exercise in environmental extremes, and nutrition. Connections between exercise, infection risk, and immune function in special populations (elderly, obese, diabetic and HIV patients) are also addressed. Authored by a team of highly experienced experts. The "J-shaped" relationship between exercise load and infection risk is described, backed by current research and evidence. Components of the immune system and normal immune function are explained in detail, as well as methods for measuring immune function. The impact of acute and chronic psychological stress on immune function is presented, along with suggestions for minimizing the risk of immunodepression and infection in athletes. The effects of heavy training, exercise in environmental extremes, and nutrition are discussed with regard to their impact on innate and specific (acquired) immunity. Immune function in special populations (elderly, obese, diabetic and HIV patients) is also addressed, exploring links between exercise and infection risk in these groups. Evidence-based coverage includes a list of references in each chapter, as well as suggestions for further reading that direct readers to important texts and review articles. Information is presented in an easily accessible format, following a logical progression of material. LEach chapter begins with a list of learning objectives and ends with a list of key points to reinforce learning. A glossary at the end of the book defines all key terms and abbreviations.
Author: Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309283140
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 503
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Book Description
Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 1860
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Author: Beatrice Morio
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128117524
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Book Description
Mitochondria in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Comprehensive Review on Mitochondrial Functioning and Involvement in Metabolic Diseases synthesizes discoveries from laboratories around the world, enhancing our understanding of the involvement of mitochondria in the etiology of diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Chapters illustrate and provide an overview of key concepts on topics such as the role of mitochondria in adipose tissue, cancer, cardiovascular comorbidities, skeletal muscle, the liver, kidney, and more. This book is a must-have reference for students and educational teams in biology, physiology and medicine, and researchers.
Author: Jerome E. Kotecki
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN: 1284130045
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 666
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Book Description
Physical Activity and Health, Fifth Edition offers expert knowledge based on the latest scientific evidence from physical activity and health research along with a variety of instructive elements that assist and encourage students in developing a personalized physical activity and health plan. The goal of the book is to introduce concepts and to develop the skills and interest to make physical activity a life-long habit. This text equips students with the information, skills, and practical know-how to gain control of their health and decide what to do and how and when to do it.
