Author: Virendra Kumar Mishra
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128238283
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes some natural, clean, and eco-sustainable technologies that have undergone the process of gradual development in past few decades. These technologies include a range of innovative natural and viable materials and offer a clean solution of environmental pollution. It includes case studies of phytoremediation, bioremediation (microbial removal of pollutant), constructed wetlands, natural media filtration for the sustainable environmental cleanup. Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes coverage of: Recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation, Role of constructed wetlands in green remediation, Factor responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants, Remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips), Microbes and their role in green remediation. Presents recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation Covers the role of constructed wetlands in green remediation Outlines the factors responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants Discusses remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips) Explains microbes and their role in green remediation Includes the role of endophytic microbes in organic contamination management
Sustainable Environmental Clean-up
Author: Virendra Kumar Mishra
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128238283
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes some natural, clean, and eco-sustainable technologies that have undergone the process of gradual development in past few decades. These technologies include a range of innovative natural and viable materials and offer a clean solution of environmental pollution. It includes case studies of phytoremediation, bioremediation (microbial removal of pollutant), constructed wetlands, natural media filtration for the sustainable environmental cleanup. Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes coverage of: Recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation, Role of constructed wetlands in green remediation, Factor responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants, Remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips), Microbes and their role in green remediation. Presents recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation Covers the role of constructed wetlands in green remediation Outlines the factors responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants Discusses remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips) Explains microbes and their role in green remediation Includes the role of endophytic microbes in organic contamination management
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128238283
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 356
Book Description
Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes some natural, clean, and eco-sustainable technologies that have undergone the process of gradual development in past few decades. These technologies include a range of innovative natural and viable materials and offer a clean solution of environmental pollution. It includes case studies of phytoremediation, bioremediation (microbial removal of pollutant), constructed wetlands, natural media filtration for the sustainable environmental cleanup. Sustainable Environmental Clean-up: Green Remediation includes coverage of: Recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation, Role of constructed wetlands in green remediation, Factor responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants, Remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips), Microbes and their role in green remediation. Presents recent trends in eco-sustainable green remediation Covers the role of constructed wetlands in green remediation Outlines the factors responsible for biodegradation of organic pollutants Discusses remediation through natural media (Sand, gravel, stope-chips) Explains microbes and their role in green remediation Includes the role of endophytic microbes in organic contamination management
New Trends in Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater
Author: Maulin P. Shah
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128231084
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 780
Book Description
New Trends in Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater covers the applicable technologies relating to the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and new and emerging trends in the field, both at the laboratory and industrial scale. Sections explore new environmentally friendly technologies, the principles of sustainable development, the main factors contributing to heavy metal removal from wastewater, methods and procedures, materials (especially low-cost materials originated from industrial and agricultural waste), management of wastewater containing heavy metals and wastewater valorization, recycling, environmental impact, and wastewater policies for post heavy metal removal. This book is an advanced and updated vision of existing heavy metal removal technologies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove heavy metals/environmental pollutants through advancements in bioremediation. Finally, sections also cover new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with recent developments in this field by an application of chemical/biochemical and environmental biotechnology. - Outlines the fate and occurrence of heavy metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and potential approaches for their removal - Describes the techniques currently available for removing heavy metals from wastewater - Discusses the emerging technologies in heavy metal removal - Covers biological treatments to remove heavy metals - Includes the valorization of heavy metal containing wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128231084
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 780
Book Description
New Trends in Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater covers the applicable technologies relating to the removal of heavy metals from wastewater and new and emerging trends in the field, both at the laboratory and industrial scale. Sections explore new environmentally friendly technologies, the principles of sustainable development, the main factors contributing to heavy metal removal from wastewater, methods and procedures, materials (especially low-cost materials originated from industrial and agricultural waste), management of wastewater containing heavy metals and wastewater valorization, recycling, environmental impact, and wastewater policies for post heavy metal removal. This book is an advanced and updated vision of existing heavy metal removal technologies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove heavy metals/environmental pollutants through advancements in bioremediation. Finally, sections also cover new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with recent developments in this field by an application of chemical/biochemical and environmental biotechnology. - Outlines the fate and occurrence of heavy metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and potential approaches for their removal - Describes the techniques currently available for removing heavy metals from wastewater - Discusses the emerging technologies in heavy metal removal - Covers biological treatments to remove heavy metals - Includes the valorization of heavy metal containing wastewater
Removal of Toxic Pollutants through Microbiological and Tertiary Treatment
Author: Maulin P. Shah
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128216824
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 622
Book Description
Removal of Toxic Pollutants through Microbiological and Tertiary Treatment: New Perspectives offers a current account of existing advanced oxidation strategies - including their limitations, challenges, and potential applications - in removing environmental pollutants through microbiological and tertiary treatment methods. The book introduces new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation technology, with thorough discussion of recent developments in the field. Updated information as well as future research directions in the field of bioremediation of industrial wastes is included. This book is an indispensable guide to students, researchers, scientists, and professionals working in fields such as microbiology, biotechnology, environmental sciences, eco-toxicology, and environmental remediation. The book also serves as a helpful guide for waste management professionals and those working on the biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial wastes and environmental pollutants for environmental sustainability. - Introduces various treatment schemes, including microbiological and tertiary technologies for bioremediation of environmental pollutants and industrial wastes - Includes pharmaceutical wastewater, oil refinery wastewater, distillery wastewater, tannery wastewater, textile wastewater, mine tailing wastes, plastic wastes, and more - Describes the role of relatively new treatment technologies and their approaches in bioremediation, including molecular and protein engineering technologies, microbial enzymes, bio surfactants, plant-microbe interactions, and genetically engineered organisms - Provides many advanced technologies in the field of bioremediation and phytoremediation, including electro-bioremediation technology, microbial fuel cell technology, nano-bioremediation technology, and phytotechnologies
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128216824
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 622
Book Description
Removal of Toxic Pollutants through Microbiological and Tertiary Treatment: New Perspectives offers a current account of existing advanced oxidation strategies - including their limitations, challenges, and potential applications - in removing environmental pollutants through microbiological and tertiary treatment methods. The book introduces new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation technology, with thorough discussion of recent developments in the field. Updated information as well as future research directions in the field of bioremediation of industrial wastes is included. This book is an indispensable guide to students, researchers, scientists, and professionals working in fields such as microbiology, biotechnology, environmental sciences, eco-toxicology, and environmental remediation. The book also serves as a helpful guide for waste management professionals and those working on the biodegradation and bioremediation of industrial wastes and environmental pollutants for environmental sustainability. - Introduces various treatment schemes, including microbiological and tertiary technologies for bioremediation of environmental pollutants and industrial wastes - Includes pharmaceutical wastewater, oil refinery wastewater, distillery wastewater, tannery wastewater, textile wastewater, mine tailing wastes, plastic wastes, and more - Describes the role of relatively new treatment technologies and their approaches in bioremediation, including molecular and protein engineering technologies, microbial enzymes, bio surfactants, plant-microbe interactions, and genetically engineered organisms - Provides many advanced technologies in the field of bioremediation and phytoremediation, including electro-bioremediation technology, microbial fuel cell technology, nano-bioremediation technology, and phytotechnologies
Environmental Materials and Waste
Author: Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 012803906X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 760
Book Description
Environmental Materials and Waste: Resource Recovery and Pollution Prevention contains the latest information on environmental sustainability as a wide variety of natural resources are increasingly being exploited to meet the demands of a worldwide growing population and economy. These raw materials cannot, or can only partially, be substituted by renewable resources within the next few decades. As such, the efficient recovery and processing of mineral and energy resources, as well as recycling such resources, is now of significant importance. The book takes a multidisciplinary approach to fully realize the number of by-products which can be remanufactured, providing the foundation needed across disciplines to tackle this issue. As awareness and opportunities to recover valuable resources from process and bleed streams is gaining interest, sustainable recovery of environmental materials, including wastewater, offers tremendous opportunity to combine profitable and sustainable production. - Presents a state-of-the-art guide to environmental sustainability - Provides an overview of the field highlighting recent and emerging issues in environmental resource recovery that cover a wide array of by-products for remanufacture potential - Details a multidisciplinary approach to fully realize the number of by-products which can be remanufactured, providing the foundation needed across disciplines to tackle these global issues
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 012803906X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 760
Book Description
Environmental Materials and Waste: Resource Recovery and Pollution Prevention contains the latest information on environmental sustainability as a wide variety of natural resources are increasingly being exploited to meet the demands of a worldwide growing population and economy. These raw materials cannot, or can only partially, be substituted by renewable resources within the next few decades. As such, the efficient recovery and processing of mineral and energy resources, as well as recycling such resources, is now of significant importance. The book takes a multidisciplinary approach to fully realize the number of by-products which can be remanufactured, providing the foundation needed across disciplines to tackle this issue. As awareness and opportunities to recover valuable resources from process and bleed streams is gaining interest, sustainable recovery of environmental materials, including wastewater, offers tremendous opportunity to combine profitable and sustainable production. - Presents a state-of-the-art guide to environmental sustainability - Provides an overview of the field highlighting recent and emerging issues in environmental resource recovery that cover a wide array of by-products for remanufacture potential - Details a multidisciplinary approach to fully realize the number of by-products which can be remanufactured, providing the foundation needed across disciplines to tackle these global issues
Emerging Contaminants in the Environment
Author: Hemen Sarma
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 032385981X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 713
Book Description
Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Challenges and Sustainable Practices covers all aspects of emerging contaminants in the environment, from basic understanding to different types of emerging contaminants and how these threaten organisms, their environmental fate studies, detection methods, and sustainable practices of dealing with contaminants. Emerging contaminant remediation is a pressing need due to the ever-increasing pollution in the environment, and it has gained a lot of scientific and public attention due to its high effectiveness and sustainability. The discussions in the book on the bioremediation of these contaminants are covered from the perspective of proven technologies and practices through case studies and real-world data. One of the main benefits of this book is that it summarizes future challenges and sustainable solutions. It can, therefore, become an effective guide to the elimination (through sustainable practices) of emerging contaminants. At the back of these explorations on sustainable bioremediation of emerging contaminants lies the set of 17 goals articulated by the United Nations in its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all its member states. This book provides academics, researchers, students, and practitioners interested in the detection and elimination of emerging contaminants from the environment, with the latest advances by leading experts in emerging contaminants the field of environmental sciences. - Covers most aspects of the most predominant emerging contaminants in the environment, including in soil, air, and water - Describes the occurrence of these contaminants, the problems they cause, and the sustainable practices to deal with the contaminants - Includes data from case studies to provide real-world examples of sustainable practices and emerging contaminant remediation
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 032385981X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 713
Book Description
Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Challenges and Sustainable Practices covers all aspects of emerging contaminants in the environment, from basic understanding to different types of emerging contaminants and how these threaten organisms, their environmental fate studies, detection methods, and sustainable practices of dealing with contaminants. Emerging contaminant remediation is a pressing need due to the ever-increasing pollution in the environment, and it has gained a lot of scientific and public attention due to its high effectiveness and sustainability. The discussions in the book on the bioremediation of these contaminants are covered from the perspective of proven technologies and practices through case studies and real-world data. One of the main benefits of this book is that it summarizes future challenges and sustainable solutions. It can, therefore, become an effective guide to the elimination (through sustainable practices) of emerging contaminants. At the back of these explorations on sustainable bioremediation of emerging contaminants lies the set of 17 goals articulated by the United Nations in its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all its member states. This book provides academics, researchers, students, and practitioners interested in the detection and elimination of emerging contaminants from the environment, with the latest advances by leading experts in emerging contaminants the field of environmental sciences. - Covers most aspects of the most predominant emerging contaminants in the environment, including in soil, air, and water - Describes the occurrence of these contaminants, the problems they cause, and the sustainable practices to deal with the contaminants - Includes data from case studies to provide real-world examples of sustainable practices and emerging contaminant remediation
Removal of Organic Pollution in Water Environment
Author: Joanna KarpiĆska
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039218409
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
The development of civilization entails a growing demand for consumer goods. A side effect of the production and use of these materials is the production of solid waste and wastewater. Municipal and industrial wastewater usually contains a large amount of various organic compounds and is the main source of pollution of the aquatic environment. Therefore, the search for effective methods of wastewater and other polluted water treatment is an important element of caring for the natural environment. This book presents research on the determination and removal of environmentally hazardous organic compounds from aqueous samples. The articles included in this book describe the results of examinations, at the laboratory scale, of the efficiency of chemical as well as physical processes for the removal or degradation of selected model pollutants. Environmental studies, especially those concerning the determination of trace impurities, require effective isolation and concentration procedures. The methods used for this purpose should meet the requirements of green chemistry. The liquid phase microextraction procedures and use of electrochemical methods described in this book seem to be proper for environmental studies, as they are effective and environmentally friendly.
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039218409
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Book Description
The development of civilization entails a growing demand for consumer goods. A side effect of the production and use of these materials is the production of solid waste and wastewater. Municipal and industrial wastewater usually contains a large amount of various organic compounds and is the main source of pollution of the aquatic environment. Therefore, the search for effective methods of wastewater and other polluted water treatment is an important element of caring for the natural environment. This book presents research on the determination and removal of environmentally hazardous organic compounds from aqueous samples. The articles included in this book describe the results of examinations, at the laboratory scale, of the efficiency of chemical as well as physical processes for the removal or degradation of selected model pollutants. Environmental studies, especially those concerning the determination of trace impurities, require effective isolation and concentration procedures. The methods used for this purpose should meet the requirements of green chemistry. The liquid phase microextraction procedures and use of electrochemical methods described in this book seem to be proper for environmental studies, as they are effective and environmentally friendly.
Modern Treatment Strategies for Marine Pollution
Author: P. Senthil Kumar
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128222808
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 213
Book Description
Modern Treatment Strategies for Marine Pollution provides an overview of assessment tools that identify contaminants in marine water, also discussing the latest technologies for removing these contaminants. Through templated and consistently structured chapters, the author explores the importance of seawater to our marine ecosystems and the devastating effects pollutants are causing. Sections cover the emission of toxic pollutants from industries, wastewater discharge, oil spills from boarding ships, ballast water emission, abnormal growth of algal blooms, and more. Techniques explored include huge diameter pipelines erected for removing floating debris from seawater, which is denoted as a primary idea for cleaning contaminants. The book includes numerous case studies that demonstrate how these tools can be successfully used. It is an essential read for marine ecologists and oceanographers at the graduate level and above, but is also ideal for those looking to incorporate these techniques into their own work. - Presents and discusses advanced technologies used in the treatment of marine water - Includes case studies to show what techniques have been successful - Provides new information on contamination assessment and analytical protocols for identifying pollutants, which is essential for readers to use in their own work
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128222808
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 213
Book Description
Modern Treatment Strategies for Marine Pollution provides an overview of assessment tools that identify contaminants in marine water, also discussing the latest technologies for removing these contaminants. Through templated and consistently structured chapters, the author explores the importance of seawater to our marine ecosystems and the devastating effects pollutants are causing. Sections cover the emission of toxic pollutants from industries, wastewater discharge, oil spills from boarding ships, ballast water emission, abnormal growth of algal blooms, and more. Techniques explored include huge diameter pipelines erected for removing floating debris from seawater, which is denoted as a primary idea for cleaning contaminants. The book includes numerous case studies that demonstrate how these tools can be successfully used. It is an essential read for marine ecologists and oceanographers at the graduate level and above, but is also ideal for those looking to incorporate these techniques into their own work. - Presents and discusses advanced technologies used in the treatment of marine water - Includes case studies to show what techniques have been successful - Provides new information on contamination assessment and analytical protocols for identifying pollutants, which is essential for readers to use in their own work
New Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation
Author: Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128110341
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 758
Book Description
New Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation summarizes recent progress in the development of materials' properties, fabrication methods and their applications for treatment of contaminants, pollutant sensing and detection. This book presents current research into how polymer nanocomposites can be used in environmental remediation, detailing major environmental issues, and key materials properties and existing polymers or nanomaterials that can solve these issues. The book covers the fundamental molecular structure of polymers used in environmental applications, the toxicology, economy and life-cycle analysis of polymer nanocomposites, and an analysis of potential future applications of these materials. Recent research and development in polymer nanocomposites has inspired the progress and use of novel and cost-effective environmental applications. - Presents critical, actionable guidelines to the structure and property design of nanocomposites in environmental remediation - Focuses on taking technology out of the lab and into the real world - Summarizes the latest developments in polymer nanocomposites and their applications in catalytic degradation, adsorptive removal and detection of contaminants in the environment - Enables researchers to stay ahead of the curve, with a full discussion of regulatory issues and potential new applications and materials in this area
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128110341
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 758
Book Description
New Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation summarizes recent progress in the development of materials' properties, fabrication methods and their applications for treatment of contaminants, pollutant sensing and detection. This book presents current research into how polymer nanocomposites can be used in environmental remediation, detailing major environmental issues, and key materials properties and existing polymers or nanomaterials that can solve these issues. The book covers the fundamental molecular structure of polymers used in environmental applications, the toxicology, economy and life-cycle analysis of polymer nanocomposites, and an analysis of potential future applications of these materials. Recent research and development in polymer nanocomposites has inspired the progress and use of novel and cost-effective environmental applications. - Presents critical, actionable guidelines to the structure and property design of nanocomposites in environmental remediation - Focuses on taking technology out of the lab and into the real world - Summarizes the latest developments in polymer nanocomposites and their applications in catalytic degradation, adsorptive removal and detection of contaminants in the environment - Enables researchers to stay ahead of the curve, with a full discussion of regulatory issues and potential new applications and materials in this area
Nanomaterials for the Detection and Removal of Wastewater Pollutants
Author: Barbara Bonelli
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128184906
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 482
Book Description
Nanomaterials for the Detection and Removal of Wastewater Pollutants assesses the role of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in improving both the detection and removal of inorganic and organic contaminants from wastewater that originates from municipal and industrial plants. The book covers how nanotechnology is being used to remove common contaminants, including dyes, chlorinated solvents, nitrites/nitrates, and emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides. Sections cover nanofiltration, adsorption and remediation. Nanomaterial immobilization recovery is also addressed, along with the quantification of heat/mass transport limitations, sizing aspects and transport phenomena. Finally, regulatory aspects regarding contaminants and nanoparticles in the environment are covered. This book is an important resource for both materials scientists and environmental scientists looking to see how nanotechnology can play a role in making wastewater a less hazardous part of the global ecosystem. - Addresses the role of new nanotechnology-based solutions for the detection and removal of common and emerging contaminants - Discusses the environmental impact of nanoparticles used in wastewater contaminant detection and removal - Explores the major challenges for using nanomaterials to detect and remove contaminants from wastewater
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128184906
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 482
Book Description
Nanomaterials for the Detection and Removal of Wastewater Pollutants assesses the role of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in improving both the detection and removal of inorganic and organic contaminants from wastewater that originates from municipal and industrial plants. The book covers how nanotechnology is being used to remove common contaminants, including dyes, chlorinated solvents, nitrites/nitrates, and emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides. Sections cover nanofiltration, adsorption and remediation. Nanomaterial immobilization recovery is also addressed, along with the quantification of heat/mass transport limitations, sizing aspects and transport phenomena. Finally, regulatory aspects regarding contaminants and nanoparticles in the environment are covered. This book is an important resource for both materials scientists and environmental scientists looking to see how nanotechnology can play a role in making wastewater a less hazardous part of the global ecosystem. - Addresses the role of new nanotechnology-based solutions for the detection and removal of common and emerging contaminants - Discusses the environmental impact of nanoparticles used in wastewater contaminant detection and removal - Explores the major challenges for using nanomaterials to detect and remove contaminants from wastewater
Environmental Remediation Strategies of New and Emerging Chemical Contaminants
Author: Vishal Tripathi
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832555837
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 168
Book Description
Rapid research advancements in electronics, biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals have resulted in the environmental release of a large number of emerging pollutants. New and emerging pollutants (NEPs) are defined as xenobiotic organic chemicals that have recently been identified as potential threats to human health and the environment. NEPs is an umbrella term including antibiotics, antiepileptics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, beta-blockers, cosmetics, disinfectants, microbeads, microplastics, etc. There is a rising level of concern regarding the fate and behaviour, human and animal health impact, and environmental pollution caused by these xenobiotic NEPs. In light of the potential effect of these organic pollutants, urgent action is required not only to understand the potential risks associated with these chemicals, but also for the development of novel approaches for sustainable remediation.
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832555837
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 168
Book Description
Rapid research advancements in electronics, biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals have resulted in the environmental release of a large number of emerging pollutants. New and emerging pollutants (NEPs) are defined as xenobiotic organic chemicals that have recently been identified as potential threats to human health and the environment. NEPs is an umbrella term including antibiotics, antiepileptics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, beta-blockers, cosmetics, disinfectants, microbeads, microplastics, etc. There is a rising level of concern regarding the fate and behaviour, human and animal health impact, and environmental pollution caused by these xenobiotic NEPs. In light of the potential effect of these organic pollutants, urgent action is required not only to understand the potential risks associated with these chemicals, but also for the development of novel approaches for sustainable remediation.