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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Book Description
This is the final report of a two-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). To effectively respond to airborne chemical and biological warfare (CBW) attacks in urban settings, one must understand the vector of the threat, i.e., where is the effluent going and when will it get there. These answers are needed both in real time (who should be evacuated?) and afterwards (where should the cleanup be focused?). Certainly, advanced multiscale models are essential to this task. No model has value, however, until it is normalized and validated by measured data. Experience in atmospheric transport has demonstrated that the quality of model estimations is tightly coupled to the fidelity of the data and the effectiveness of its assimilation. The authors have started to quantify the improvement of accuracy of atmospheric transport and dispersion models that follows from enhanced remote sensing of meteorological parameters. The proper use of remote sensing data requires sophisticated assimilation techniques into advanced models, so the whole project emphasizes the synergy of the newest techniques for remote sensing observation, data analysis, data assimilation, and dynamic modeling. This work quantified the value of various levels of data for improving effluent tracking and prediction, and allows tradeoffs between the cost of data acquisition and its impact on accuracy.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 7
Get Book Here
Book Description
This is the final report of a two-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). To effectively respond to airborne chemical and biological warfare (CBW) attacks in urban settings, one must understand the vector of the threat, i.e., where is the effluent going and when will it get there. These answers are needed both in real time (who should be evacuated?) and afterwards (where should the cleanup be focused?). Certainly, advanced multiscale models are essential to this task. No model has value, however, until it is normalized and validated by measured data. Experience in atmospheric transport has demonstrated that the quality of model estimations is tightly coupled to the fidelity of the data and the effectiveness of its assimilation. The authors have started to quantify the improvement of accuracy of atmospheric transport and dispersion models that follows from enhanced remote sensing of meteorological parameters. The proper use of remote sensing data requires sophisticated assimilation techniques into advanced models, so the whole project emphasizes the synergy of the newest techniques for remote sensing observation, data analysis, data assimilation, and dynamic modeling. This work quantified the value of various levels of data for improving effluent tracking and prediction, and allows tradeoffs between the cost of data acquisition and its impact on accuracy.
Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1437944558
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
Author: C. Toet
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Xenobiotics
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Author: Alberto Pistocchi
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789279150630
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
The report illustrates a research conducted using the HySPLIT chemical atmospheric transport model and the distribution of stable lights at night, to investigate the spatial patterns of atmospheric concentrations from continuous emissions spatially distributed as population. The analysis shows that a first approximation of the spatial distribution of concentrations may be obtained using the simple "4/3 power law" that Pistocchi and Galmarini, 2008, have shown to be able to approximate the plumes of annual average concentration depicted by the European model ADEPT. This finding enables to perform regional risk assessment taking into account the spatial distribution of receptors around, and not just at, the location of emissions, without the need to use complex transport numerical model, if one is interested in a first level of approximation (i.e., a factor 5 accuracy on concentrations, which is often compatible with the requirements of risk assessment). In such circumstances, the "4/3 power law" enables quick and simple back-of-the-envelope calculations, operationally equivalent to simple box model calculations.
Author: Frank M. Dunnivant
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0471758124
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 504
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Book Description
A uniquely accessible text on environmental modeling designed for both students and industry personnel Pollutant fate and modeling are becoming increasingly important in both regulatory and scientific areas. However,the complexity of the software and models often act as an inhibitor to the advancement of water quality science. A Basic Introduction to Pollutant Fate and Transport fills the need for a basic instructional tool for students and environmental professionals who lack the rigorous mathematical background necessary to derive the governing fate and transport equations. Taking a refreshingly simple approach to the subject that requires only a basic knowledge of algebra and first-year college chemistry, the book presents and integrates all of the aspects of fate and transport, including chemistry, modeling, risk assessment, and relevant environmental legislation; approaching each topic first conceptually before introducing the math necessary to model it. The first half of the book is dedicated to the chemistry and physics behind the fate and transport models, while the second half teaches and reinforces the logical concepts underlying fate and transport modeling. This better prepares students for support jobs in the environmental arena surrounding chemical industry and Superfund sites. Contributing to the book's ease of use are: An extremely user-friendly software program, Fate, which uses basic models to predict the fate and transport of pollutants in lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric systems The use of "canned" models to evaluate the importance of model parameters and sensitivity analysis A wealth of easy-to-understand examples and problems A chapter on environmental legislation in the United States and Europe A set of lab exercises, as well as a downloadable set of teaching aids A much-needed basic text for contemporary hydrology or environmental chemistry courses and support courses forthe environmental industry, this is a valuable desk reference for educators and industry professionals.
Author: John W. Overton
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1317059972
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
The Commission on Accreditation of Medical Transport Systems (CAMTS) has been accrediting air and ground transport services since 1991. One of the most significant needs the Commission has recognized is to assist transport services in creating a culture that supports safety and quality for both crews and patients. Most of the helicopter EMS (emergency medical service) accidents and many ground ambulance accidents can be attributed to human factors and systems designs that lead to poor decision-making. Management commitment is vital to create and maintain a culture that supports risk assessment, accountability, professionalism and organizational dynamics. This reference book has been created by CAMTS to address this need directly and comprehensively. It offers a groundbreaking collection of expert insights and practical solutions that can be used by EMS, Fire and Rescue, public and private services, and professional emergency and transport professionals worldwide. Quoting from the foreword written by the late Robert L. Helmreich, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at The University of Texas Human Factors Research Project, 'This is an important book which should be required reading for everyone involved in patient transport, from managers and dispatchers to those at the sharp end... The experienced and able authors and editors of this work use culture as the overarching concept needed to maximize safety while delivering patients expeditiously.'
Author:
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
ISBN: 0309283426
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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Book Description
This final report presents the process and findings of a project documenting the current state-of-the-practice for hazardous materials transportation risk assessment. The first phase of the project captured the status of the current practice of hazardous materials transportation risk assessment, including current uses, existing models, and available data sources. The second phase of the project focused on synthesizing the research compiled in Phase I and determining where gaps exist in available tools, techniques, and data. Phase II also included presenting a path forward for addressing these gaps and supporting better risk assessments in the future.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030904894X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 668
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Book Description
The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€"or when risks are overlookedâ€"public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.
Author: Haneen Khreis
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128181230
Category : Transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 650
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Book Description
Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. - Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP's public health impacts - Examines TRAP's health effects at the population level - Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP - Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This report describes a method for assessing the comparative risks of transporting hazardous materials by alternative routes and modes. The method is then applied to he transport of Class A explosives and liquid hydrogen between specific origin-destinatlons, testing the air-highway modal combination with alternative combinations with highway, rail, and marine modes. The risks were found to be highly route-dependent; however, for those routes selected, the air-highway modal combination showed generally lower risks. Rerouting and improvement in terminal operations showed the greatest opportunity for risk reduction.
