Host-Pathogen Interactions During Arboviral Infections PDF Download
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Author: Alan G. Goodman
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889459179
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 125
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Book Description
Arboviruses, or arthropod-borne viruses, such as West Nile virus, Dengue virus, and Zika virus, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. West Nile virus was introduced to the United States in 1999, and is now endemic, causing over 2,000 domestically acquired cases in the U.S. annually in mammals. Similarly, dengue and Zika viruses are endemic in the Americas and pose novel threats to the human population. Tick-borne viruses such as Powassan virus and Heartland virus are increasing in frequency in the U.S. At this time, there is no commercially available vaccine or therapeutic to treat these viral infections. Because nearly every mammalian case of these virus infections originates from the insect vector, it is imperative that we also understand viral pathogenesis, transmission, and the immune response in insect models as well as pathogenesis and the host responses in infected mammals. The development of methods to block arbovirus transmission from the vector may be effective at ceasing arthropod-to-human infection since the current recommendation to prevent these viral infections is to decrease contact with mosquitoes. Additionally, improving our understanding of epidemiology and ecology will also help develop measures to reduce virus spread. In order to better study mammalian and insect host responses to infection, a number of genetic tools are available, such as fly, mosquito, and tick models, recombinant viruses, mouse models, and bioinformatics tools. The studies described in this eBook will illustrate host responses to infection using mammalian and insect models, identify critical signaling nodes of the innate immune response, and discuss virus transmission from insect to mammal or among infected hosts. Taken together, these studies will elucidate means of decreasing infections in human populations and provide potential targets for future study and therapeutic design.
Author: Alan G. Goodman
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889459179
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 125
Get Book Here
Book Description
Arboviruses, or arthropod-borne viruses, such as West Nile virus, Dengue virus, and Zika virus, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. West Nile virus was introduced to the United States in 1999, and is now endemic, causing over 2,000 domestically acquired cases in the U.S. annually in mammals. Similarly, dengue and Zika viruses are endemic in the Americas and pose novel threats to the human population. Tick-borne viruses such as Powassan virus and Heartland virus are increasing in frequency in the U.S. At this time, there is no commercially available vaccine or therapeutic to treat these viral infections. Because nearly every mammalian case of these virus infections originates from the insect vector, it is imperative that we also understand viral pathogenesis, transmission, and the immune response in insect models as well as pathogenesis and the host responses in infected mammals. The development of methods to block arbovirus transmission from the vector may be effective at ceasing arthropod-to-human infection since the current recommendation to prevent these viral infections is to decrease contact with mosquitoes. Additionally, improving our understanding of epidemiology and ecology will also help develop measures to reduce virus spread. In order to better study mammalian and insect host responses to infection, a number of genetic tools are available, such as fly, mosquito, and tick models, recombinant viruses, mouse models, and bioinformatics tools. The studies described in this eBook will illustrate host responses to infection using mammalian and insect models, identify critical signaling nodes of the innate immune response, and discuss virus transmission from insect to mammal or among infected hosts. Taken together, these studies will elucidate means of decreasing infections in human populations and provide potential targets for future study and therapeutic design.
Author: Society for General Microbiology. Symposium
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521592154
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 378
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Book Description
Reports the latest advances in defining the molecular basis of infection in both bacterial and viral systems.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Eye
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
The onset of microbial infection triggers a complex series of interactions between the host and the pathogen via the innate immune system. There has been a significant increase in the number of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) microbes, due to the increased prevalence of such strains. To understand the impact of virulence properties of MDR microbes on the pathogenicity of disease, we assessed the characteristics of MDR ocular isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. We observed that A. baumannii isolates bear multiple plasmids, are able to adhere to, and invade, human corneal epithelial cells, and form biofilms. We further tested the role of these virulence properties in causing endophthalmitis in a mouse model. We administered intravitreal injections of A. baumannii into the eyes of C57BL/6 mice and monitored disease progression by ophthalmoscopic examination, histological analysis, retina functional analysis, and retinal cell death. Our results demonstrate that MDR A. baumannii isolates causes severe endophthalmitis, resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil infiltration, and retinal cell death. We further investigated the role of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the induction of innate immune responses in C. albicans endophthalmitis. The RPE is thought to play a key role in retinal innate defense. We hypothesized that Toll like receptors (TLRs) mediate innate immune response in C. albicans infection. Our results suggest that TLR-2 initiates the innate immune response, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-microbial peptides (AMPs). Diabetes is strongly associated with a higher rate of mortality in pneumonia infections. We attempted to understand the immune response to infection with MDR Klebiella pneumoniae in vitro using bronchial epithelial cells in both normal and diabetic conditions. We observed elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8, as well as higher secretion of AMPs in diabetic conditions. We conclude that K. pneumoniae infection further increases inflammation in diabetes beyond what is normally present and that this in turn increases the severity of infection. Taken together, our data indicated that the innate immune system can be both beneficial and detrimental and tight regulation is required to protect the host from excessive inflammation, which damages cells and tissues.
Author: Jennifer B. Nguyen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
Author: Nikos Vasilakis
Publisher: Caister Academic Press Limited
ISBN: 9781910190210
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are the causative agents of significant morbidity and mortality among humans and domestic animals globally. They are maintained in complex biological life cycles, involving a primary vertebrate host and a primary arthropod vector. While all known arboviruses are zoonotic pathogens, their emergence as human pathogens is associated with dramatic increases of human population growth leading to uncontrolled urbanization, changes in land and water use, changes in agricultural practices, new irrigation systems and deforestation. This book brings together a panel of expert arbovirologists to produce a timely review of the rapidly expanding arbovirus research literature. In addition authors identify the most pressing questions that remain to be answered, thus providing a stimulus for future research. Topics include: taxonomy, genome organization, virus-host and virus-vector interactions, evolutionary history, role of vertical transmission in arbovirus maintenance and evolution, epidemiology, arbovirus replication, pathogenesis, arbovirus diagnostics and control, including vaccines, novel anti-viral drugs, RNA interference and genetically modified vectors. Essential reading for every arbovirologist and highly recommended for all virologists and public health officials. [Subject: Microbiology, Life Science, Arbovirology, Virology, Taxonomy, Epidemiology]
Author: Pooja Jain
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030339467
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 413
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Book Description
This book highlights information derived primarily from clinical samples, with particular reference to theoretical and scientific aspects of the human immune system. This text will focus on topics that range from host-pathogen interactions in infectious disease to host immune response in cancer, allergic diseases, neuroinflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disorders. The reader will also have a well-rounded understanding of the behavior of the immune system with particular emphasis on the role of immunoproteomics in immunotherapy, neuroprotective immunity for neurodegenerative and neuroinfectious disease, leukemia-associated dendritic cell induction of adaptive immunity dysregulation, and the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer, infection, as well as neuroinflammation. Taken together, the contents of this book are intended for both clinicians and researchers in academia and industry.
Author: Moselio Schaechter
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 9780781753425
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 800
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Book Description
Now in full color, the Fourth Edition of this text gives students a thorough understanding of microbial agents and the pathophysiology of microbial diseases. The text facilitates learning and recall by emphasizing unifying principles and paradigms, rather than forcing students to memorize isolated facts by rote. Case studies with problem-solving questions give students insight into clinical applications of microbiology. Each chapter ends with review and USMLE-style questions. For this edition, all schematic illustrations have been re-rendered in full color and new illustrations have been added. A new online site for students includes animations, USMLE-style questions, and all schematic illustrations and photographs from the text.
Author: Sarah Irène Bonnet
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889455424
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 543
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Book Description
Besides causing direct damage associated with blood feeding and in some cases through the excretion of toxins with their saliva, the main relevance of ticks lies in the wide variety of pathogens that they can transmit, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths. Owing to socioeconomic and environmental changes, tick distribution is changing with incursions of ticks and tick-borne diseases occurring in different regions of the world when the widespread deployment of chemical acaricides and repellents has led to the selection of resistance in multiple populations of ticks. New approaches that are environmentally sustainable and that provide broad protection against current and future tick-borne pathogen (TBP) are thus urgently needed. Such development, however, requires improved understanding of factors resulting in vector competence and tick-host-pathogen interactions. This Research Topic provides an overview of known molecular tick-host-pathogen interactions for a number of TBPs and highlights how this knowledge can contribute to novel control and prevention strategies for tick-borne diseases.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309314003
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event.
Author: Helga Rübsamen-Schaeff
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527810706
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 530
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Book Description
Discusses how to fight Ebola, SARS Corona, and other known or emerging human viruses by building on the successes in antiviral therapy of the past decades Written by leading medicinal chemists from academia and industry, this book discusses the entire field of antiviral drug discovery and development from a medicinal chemistry perspective, focusing on antiviral drugs, targets, and viral disease mechanisms. It provides an outlook on emerging pathogens such as Ebola, Zika, West Nile, Lassa, and includes a chapter on SARS Coronoavirus-2 causing the present pandemic. New Drug Development for Known and Emerging Viruses describes the discovery and development process for antiviral agents for different classes of viruses and targets based on the experiences from the nine human viruses for which approved drugs are on the market (HIV, HCV, Influenza, RSV, HBV, HPV, HCMV, HSV, and VZV). It covers the properties and potential of 20 classes of currently approved antivirals, including combination drugs, and looks at novel antiviral strategies against emerging viruses. Covers the entire field of antiviral drug discovery and development Addresses the need for antiviral drugs to combat major health threats such as Ebola, Zika, West Nile, and SARS Coronavirus-2 Summarizes the successes of the past 15 years in developing ground-breaking medicines against 9 major human viruses, both from the medicinal chemistry and the pharmacological angle Discusses practical and strategic challenges in the drug discovery and development process, including screening technologies, latency, and toxicity issues New Developments in Antiviral Drugs is an important book for medicinal chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, virologists, and epidemiologists, and will be of great interest to those in the ;pharmaceutical industry and public health agencies.
