Hippocampal Influences on Movements, Sensory, and Language Processing PDF Download
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Author: Douglas D. Burman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Beyond its established role in declarative memory function, the hippocampus has been implicated in varied roles in sensory processing and cognition, particularly those requiring temporal or spatial context. Disentangling its known role in memory from other cognitive functions can be challenging, as memory is directly or indirectly involved in most conscious activities, including tasks that underlie most experimental investigations. Recent work from this lab has examined the directional influence from the hippocampus on cortical areas involved in task performance, including tasks requiring movements, sensory processing, or language judgments. The hippocampus shows preferential connectivity with relevant cortical areas, typically the region critically involved in task performance, raising the possibility that the hippocampus plays a role in cognitive control. Minimal criteria for a role in cognitive control are proposed, and hippocampal connectivity with sensorimotor cortex during a non-mnemonic motor task is shown to meet this standard. Future directions for exploration are discussed.
Author: Douglas D. Burman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Beyond its established role in declarative memory function, the hippocampus has been implicated in varied roles in sensory processing and cognition, particularly those requiring temporal or spatial context. Disentangling its known role in memory from other cognitive functions can be challenging, as memory is directly or indirectly involved in most conscious activities, including tasks that underlie most experimental investigations. Recent work from this lab has examined the directional influence from the hippocampus on cortical areas involved in task performance, including tasks requiring movements, sensory processing, or language judgments. The hippocampus shows preferential connectivity with relevant cortical areas, typically the region critically involved in task performance, raising the possibility that the hippocampus plays a role in cognitive control. Minimal criteria for a role in cognitive control are proposed, and hippocampal connectivity with sensorimotor cortex during a non-mnemonic motor task is shown to meet this standard. Future directions for exploration are discussed.
Author: Xinhua Zhang
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1839699116
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
The hippocampus is a bicortical structure with extensive fiber connections with multiple brain regions. It is involved in several functions, such as learning, memory, attention, emotion, and more. This book covers various aspects of the hippocampus including cytoarchitecture, functions, diseases, and treatment. It highlights the most advanced findings in research on the hippocampus. It discusses circuits, pattern formation process of grid cells, and zinc dynamics of the hippocampus. The book also addresses the tau pathology and circRNAs related to Alzheimer’s disease and potential treatment strategies. It is a useful resource for general readers, students, and researchers.
Author: Douglas D. Burman
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1837687129
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 210
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Book Description
Ever since side effects from bilateral hippocampectomy were identified in Henry Molaison (patient “HM”) during the 1950s, a critical role of the hippocampus has been recognized in the formation of declarative episodic memories. Other cognitive functions have since been proposed, such as a role in navigation, but memory has often been suggested to explain hippocampal involvement. Proving a distinct functional role in cognition is difficult, as memory can be implicated in most cognitive activities. Even when a behavior relies on memory, however, the functionality of the hippocampus extends far beyond, especially evident during activities requiring interactions between cognitive systems. Relational memory is supported by hippocampal connections with widespread regions of the cortex; these interconnections also play a fundamental role in children’s writing abilities and expertise in musical performance. Besides enhancing individual lives, such activities can play a vital role in sustaining cultural values across generations. Interactions with the environment that do not directly depend on mnemonic activity can affect plasticity in hippocampal connections, modified through natural chemicals, pharmacological drugs, and non-pharmacological behaviors. Navigational properties of the hippocampal system are not limited to memory, containing the same navigational elements as our Global Positional System (GPS). Even cognitive deficits arising from hippocampal lesions in “HM” were not limited to memory, as they included deficits in understanding cognitive relationships available in visual scenes, novel sentence contexts, and humorous situations. This book shows an expansive role of the hippocampus in cognition that goes beyond its recognized role in generating new episodic memories.
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309045290
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 195
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Book Description
The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
Author: Bernard Willers
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 117
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Book Description
The hippocampal cognitive map is thought to be driven primarily by distal visual cues and self-motion cues, although other sensory cues have also been demonstrated to influence place cells. Performing controlled experiments exploring the precise role played by different sensory modalities in determining spatial representation in the hippocampus is challenging due to need to control non-specific stimuli such as scent cues and acoustic reflections. To overcome these challenges we have developed an immersive virtual reality system for rats, in which any spatial information in these non-specific sensory cues are eliminated. The system combines full field of view visual stimuli with spatially accurate auditory stimuli to enable a variety of complex spatial tasks. To eliminate much of the subjectivity in identifiying single units in extracellular recording, an improved automated spike sorting method was developed based on existing gaussian mixture approaches. These tools were then applied to determine whether visual cues alone are sufficient for standard place cell activity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Single unit activity was recorded both in virtual reality, where only visual cues and non-vestibular self-motion cues provided spatial information, and in the real world using a linear track experimental paradigm. iiPlace cells displayed robust spatial selectivity in virtual reality, but only 20% of putative pyramidal cells were active in virtual reality, compared with 45% in the real world task. Distal visual and nonvestibular self-motion cues are thus sufficient to provide spatial selectivity, but vestibular and other sensory cues present int he real world are necessary to fully activate the place cell population. While bidirectional cells preferentially encode absolute position in the real world, they exhibited a distance coding scheme in virtual reality, suggesting that other sensory cues such as scent marks are necessary for a robust bidirectional position code. The frequency of hippocampal theta oscillations was reduced in virtual reality, and its speed dependence abolished. Despite this, phase precession of place fields was essentially identical in the two environments. These results constrain mechanisms governing both hip- pocampal theta oscillations and the temporal code. Taken together, these results reveal cooperative and competitive interactions between sensory modalities for control over hip- pocampal spatiotemporal selectivity and theta rhythm.
Author: Neal J. Cohen
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262531320
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1182
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Book Description
In this sweeping synthesis, Neal J. Cohen and Howard Eichenbaum bring together converging findings from neuropsychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science that provide the critical clues and constraints for developing a more comprehensive understanding of memory. Specifically, they offer a cognitive neuroscience theory of memory that accounts for the nature of memory impairment exhibited in human amnesia and animal models of amnesia, that specifies the functional role played by the hippocampal system in memory, and that provides further understanding of the componential structure of memory.The authors' central thesis is that the hippocampal system mediates a capacity for declarative memory, the kind of memory that in humans supports conscious recollection and the explicit and flexible expression of memories. They argue that this capacity emerges from a representation of critical relations among items in memory, and that such a relational representation supports the ability to make inferences and generalizations from memory, and to manipulate and flexibly express memory in countless ways. In articulating such a description of the fundamental nature of declarative representation and of the mnemonic capabilities to which it gives rise, the authors' theory constitutes a major extension and elaboration of the earlier procedural-declarative account of memory.Support for this view is taken from a variety of experimental studies of amnesia in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Additional support is drawn from observations concerning the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the hippocampal system. The data taken from divergent literatures are shown to converge on the central theme of hippocampal involvement in declarative memory across species and across behavioral paradigms.
Author: Steffen Katzner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 87
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Book Description
Author: Stefan Geyer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642189105
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 153
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Book Description
Over the last years, numerous studies have provided new insights into the structural and functional organization of the human cortical motor system. The data reviewed in this book indicate that striking similarities have been found between humans and non-human primates.
Author: Jake Christopher Kurczek
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Amnesia
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Book Description
The final goal of this study was to understand the effects of unilateral hippocampal damage on language processing. Individuals with unilateral hippocampal damage participated in all of the previous experiments. It was predicted that individuals with left hippocampal damage would perform worse than individuals with right hippocampal damage, and their performance was significantly impaired across measures. This suggests that the left hippocampus may be particularly important for processing linguistic material outside of even verbal memory.
Author: Samer Siwani
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789151311883
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The anatomical signatures of the mnemonic/emotional processes share many brain structures, one of which seems to constitute a bridge, the hippocampus. It functions as a structure that consolidates engrams. It is connected to the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and amygdala, structures that provide emotional salience. This is, from an evolutionary perspective, likely a selection of fitness relevant engrams. Inputs from such structures to the hippocampus increase the likelihood of engram consolidation and behavioral response into long-term deposits. The hippocampal input pathways appear to be of importance for encoding and retrieval processes. During first encounters, entorhinal temporoammonic inputs are necessary for identifying probable threats and encoding of environmental cues. We find that artificial silencing of gate keeper neurons, named oriens lacunosum-moleculare (OLM) cells, increases approach and memory recall of novel cues in several tasks. Further, silencing of OLM cells mediates effective learning by increasing promiscuity in pyramidal cells in response to incoming sensory and/or emotional value inputs from other limbic structures, such as the basolateral amygdala. Depending on the dorsoventral position of the OLM cells, different phenotypes can be observed in different tasks. This is likely, at least in part, because of dorso-ventral differences in the connections between the hippocampus and other structures. In addition, OLM cells can control the specific oscillation frequency theta II (6-8 Hz), which appears in the ventral hippocampus and facilitates approach to predator odors. In conclusion, we show that the hippocampal circuit involving a subtype of OLM cells, is processing value of sensory cues through the temporoammonic pathway, and possibly affecting the basolateral amygdala inputs.
