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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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A computational investigation of methods to extend the upper limit of power output of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines was performed. The study utilized two approaches. The first approach is to increase the engine speed while maintaining a medium load. The second approach is to operate at higher loads without changing the engine speed. Iso-octane and n-heptane were used to represent the low-reactivity fuel and high-reactivity fuel, respectively. A light-duty diesel engine was modeled for the high speed dual-fuel RCCI combustion study. With high-speed operation several benefits were identified. Firstly, the peak pressure rise rates (PPRR), both crank angle-based and time-based, were reduced compared to those with low-speed operation. Secondly, at high speed the NO formation residence time became short, leading to reduced NOx emissions. Lastly, a frictional penalty analysis of high-speed operation using the Chen-Flynn model was conducted, which showed only 0.5 bar FMEP increase compared to that at low-speed. These findings indicate that high-speed RCCI is a very promising path for high-power output operation. For the high-load operation study use of dual direct-injectors was explored in order to direct-inject both fuels. Analysis of the optimum injection strategy revealed two main physical mechanisms enabling high-load operation with dual direct-injectors. The first exploited local evaporative cooling from the iso-octane injection, which delayed the iso-octane ignition. The second mechanism was related to the shorter chemical residence time of the iso-octane due to its late delivery into the cylinder. It was also noted that n-heptane's role as an ignition source could not be achieved with just iso-octane. Finally, the co-axial injector location assumption was removed by using an actual dual-injector layout. Unlike results with the co-axial injector design, the actual dual-injector layout exhibited soot and CO emission problems. In order to attempt to accommodate off-center injector locations, various injector hole patterns were tested. Although these unconventional injector hole patterns improved the emissions, it is concluded that the development of a co-axial dual-fuel injector is imperative in order to achieve clean RCCI combustion at high load.
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
A computational investigation of methods to extend the upper limit of power output of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines was performed. The study utilized two approaches. The first approach is to increase the engine speed while maintaining a medium load. The second approach is to operate at higher loads without changing the engine speed. Iso-octane and n-heptane were used to represent the low-reactivity fuel and high-reactivity fuel, respectively. A light-duty diesel engine was modeled for the high speed dual-fuel RCCI combustion study. With high-speed operation several benefits were identified. Firstly, the peak pressure rise rates (PPRR), both crank angle-based and time-based, were reduced compared to those with low-speed operation. Secondly, at high speed the NO formation residence time became short, leading to reduced NOx emissions. Lastly, a frictional penalty analysis of high-speed operation using the Chen-Flynn model was conducted, which showed only 0.5 bar FMEP increase compared to that at low-speed. These findings indicate that high-speed RCCI is a very promising path for high-power output operation. For the high-load operation study use of dual direct-injectors was explored in order to direct-inject both fuels. Analysis of the optimum injection strategy revealed two main physical mechanisms enabling high-load operation with dual direct-injectors. The first exploited local evaporative cooling from the iso-octane injection, which delayed the iso-octane ignition. The second mechanism was related to the shorter chemical residence time of the iso-octane due to its late delivery into the cylinder. It was also noted that n-heptane's role as an ignition source could not be achieved with just iso-octane. Finally, the co-axial injector location assumption was removed by using an actual dual-injector layout. Unlike results with the co-axial injector design, the actual dual-injector layout exhibited soot and CO emission problems. In order to attempt to accommodate off-center injector locations, various injector hole patterns were tested. Although these unconventional injector hole patterns improved the emissions, it is concluded that the development of a co-axial dual-fuel injector is imperative in order to achieve clean RCCI combustion at high load.
Author: Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 981103785X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 448
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Book Description
This research monograph presents both fundamental science and applied innovations on several key and emerging technologies involving fossil and alternate fuel utilization in power and transport sectors from renowned experts in the field. Some of the topics covered include: autoignition in laminar and turbulent nonpremixed flames; Langevin simulation of turbulent combustion; lean blowout (LBO) prediction through symbolic time series analysis; lasers and optical diagnostics for next generation IC engine development; exergy destruction study on small DI diesel engine; and gasoline direct injection. The book includes a chapter on carbon sequestration and optimization of enhanced oil and gas recovery. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals working on all aspects on combustion.
Author: Bilge Albayrak Ceper
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 953513891X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
Internal combustion engines have remained a challenge due to depending heavily on fossil fuels, which are already limited reserves, and a requirement for improvement in emission levels continuously. The number of advanced technologies such as hybrid systems and low-temperature combustion engines has been introduced, and a number of reports about the use of alternative fuels have been presented in recent years to overcome these challenges. The efforts have made the new concepts to be used in practical along with the new problems which are required advanced control systems. This book presents studies on internal combustion engines with alternative fuels and advanced combustion technologies to obtain efficiency and environment-friendly systems, measurement methodology of exhaust emissions and modelling of a hybrid engine system, and mechanical losses arising from ring-cylinder and ring-groove side contacts as well. The main theme here is to identify solutions for internal combustion engines in terms of fuel consumption, emissions, and performance.
Author: Rakesh Kumar Maurya
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319685082
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 553
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Book Description
This book deals with novel advanced engine combustion technologies having potential of high fuel conversion efficiency along with ultralow NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions. It offers insight into advanced combustion modes for efficient utilization of gasoline like fuels. Fundamentals of various advanced low temperature combustion (LTC) systems such as HCCI, PCCI, PPC and RCCI engines and their fuel quality requirements are also discussed. Detailed performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of futuristic engine technologies such as PPC and RCCI employing conventional as well as alternative fuels are analyzed and discussed. Special emphasis is placed on soot particle number emission characterization, high load limiting constraints, and fuel effects on combustion characteristics in LTC engines. For closed loop combustion control of LTC engines, sensors, actuators and control strategies are also discussed. The book should prove useful to a broad audience, including graduate students, researchers, and professionals Offers novel technologies for improved and efficient utilization of gasoline like fuels; Deals with most advanced and futuristic engine combustion modes such as PPC and RCCI; Comprehensible presentation of the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics of low temperature combustion (LTC) engines; Deals with closed loop combustion control of advanced LTC engines; State-of-the-art technology book that concisely summarizes the recent advancements in LTC technology. .
Author: K.A. Subramanian
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351642863
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 259
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Book Description
Biofuels such as ethanol, butanol, and biodiesel have more desirable physico-chemical properties than base petroleum fuels (diesel and gasoline), making them more suitable for use in internal combustion engines. The book begins with a comprehensive review of biofuels and their utilization processes and culminates in an analysis of biofuel quality and impact on engine performance and emissions characteristics, while discussing relevant engine types, combustion aspects and effect on greenhouse gases. It will facilitate scattered information on biofuels and its utilization has to be integrated as a single information source. The information provided in this book would help readers to update their basic knowledge in the area of "biofuels and its utilization in internal combustion engines and its impact Environment and Ecology". It will serve as a reference source for UG/PG/Ph.D. Doctoral Scholars for their projects / research works and can provide valuable information to Researchers from Academic Universities and Industries. Key Features: • Compiles exhaustive information of biofuels and their utilization in internal combustion engines. • Explains engine performance of biofuels • Studies impact of biofuels on greenhouse gases and ecology highlighting integrated bio-energy system. • Discusses fuel quality of different biofuels and their suitability for internal combustion engines. • Details effects of biofuels on combustion and emissions characteristics.
Author: Flavio Dal Forno Chuahy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is a promising method to achieve high efficiency with near zero NOx and soot emissions; however, the requirement to carry two fuels on-board has limited practical applications. Advancements in catalytic reforming have demonstrated the ability to generate syngas (a mixture of CO and hydrogen) from a single hydrocarbon stream. The reformed fuel mixture can then be used as a low reactivity fuel stream to enable RCCI out of a single parent fuel. Beyond enabling dual-fuel combustion strategies out of a single parent fuel, fuel reforming can be endothermic and allow recovery of exhaust heat to drive the reforming reactions, potentially improving overall efficiency of the system. Previous works have focused on using reformed fuel to extend the lean limit of spark ignited engines, and enhancing the control of HCCI type combustion. The strategy pairs naturally with advanced dual-fuel combustion strategies, and the use of dual-fuel strategies in the context of on-board reforming and energy recovery has not been explored. Accordingly, the work presented in this dissertation attempts to fill in the gaps in the current literature and provide a pathway to "single" fuel RCCI combustion through a combination of experiments and computational fluid dynamics modeling. Initially, a system level analysis focusing on three common reforming techniques (i.e., partial oxidation, steam reforming and auto-thermal reforming) was conducted to evaluate the potential of reformed fuel. A system layout was proposed for each reforming technique and a detailed thermodynamic analysis using first- and second-law approaches were used to identify the sources of efficiency improvements. The results showed that reformed fuel combustion with a near TDC injection of diesel fuel can increase engine-only efficiency by 4% absolute when compared to a conventional diesel baseline. The efficiency improvements were a result of reduced heat transfer and shorter, more thermodynamically efficient, combustion process. For exothermic reforming processes, losses in the reformer outweigh the improvements to engine efficiency, while for endothermic processes the recovery of exhaust energy was able to allow the system efficiency to retain a large portion of the benefits to the engine combustion. Energy flow analysis showed that the reformer temperature and availability of high grade exhaust heat were the main limiting factors preventing higher efficiencies. RCCI combustion was explored experimentally for its potential to expand on the optimization results and achieve low soot and NOx emissions. The results showed that reformed fuel can be used with diesel to enable RCCI combustion and resulted in low NOx and soot emissions while achieving efficiencies similar to conventional diesel combustion. Experiments showed that the ratio H2/(H2+CO) is an important parameter for optimal engine operation. Under part-load conditions, fractions of H2/(H2+CO) higher than 60% led to pressure oscillations inside the cylinder that substantially increased heat transfer and negated any efficiency benefits. The system analysis approach was applied to the experimental results and showed that chemical equilibrium limited operation of the engine to sub-optimal operating conditions. RCCI combustion was able to achieve "diesel like" system level efficiencies without optimization of either the engine operating conditions or the combustion system. Reformed fuel RCCI was able to provide a pathway to meeting current and future emission targets with a reduction or complete elimination of aftertreatment costs. Particle size distribution experiments showed that addition of reformed fuel had a significant impact on the shape of the particle size distribution. Addition of reformed fuel reduced accumulation-mode particle concentration while increasing nucleation-mode particles. When considering the full range of particle sizes there was a significant increase in total particle concentration. However, when considering currently regulated (Dm>23nm) particles, total concentration was comparable. To address limitations identified in the system analysis of the RCCI experiments a solid oxide fuel cell was combined with the engine into a hybrid electrochemical combustion system. The addition of the fuel cell addresses the limitations by providing sufficient high grade heat to fully drive the reforming reactions. From a system level perspective, the impact of the high frequency oscillations observed in the experiments are reduced, as the system efficiency is less dependent on the engine efficiency. From an engine perspective, the high operating pressures and low reactivity of the anode gas allow reduction of the likelihood of such events. A 0-D system level code was developed and used to find representative conditions for experimental engine validation. The results showed that the system can achieve system electrical efficiencies higher than 70% at 1 MWe power level. Experimental validation showed that the engine was able to operate under both RCCI and HCCI combustion modes and resulted in low emissions and stable combustion. The potential of a hybrid electrochemical combustion system was demonstrated for high efficiency power generation
Author: Kalyan Kumar Srinivasan
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811333076
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
This book covers the various advanced reciprocating combustion engine technologies that utilize natural gas and alternative fuels for transportation and power generation applications. It is divided into three major sections consisting of both fundamental and applied technologies to identify (but not limited to) clean, high-efficiency opportunities with natural gas fueling that have been developed through experimental protocols, numerical and high-performance computational simulations, and zero-dimensional, multizone combustion simulations. Particular emphasis is placed on statutes to monitor fine particulate emissions from tailpipe of engines operating on natural gas and alternative fuels.
Author: Freddie L. Inambao
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 1803557869
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Book Description
Diesel Engines and Biodiesel Engines Technologies explores the conceptual and methodological approaches for the understanding of both diesel engines and biodiesel technologies. The book incorporates reviews of the most significant research findings in both diesel and biodiesel engine production and utilization. It presents technological interventions in biodiesel production and offers a foresight analysis of the perspectives of biodiesel as a future global commodity. It also examines the main challenges that biodiesel will have to overcome in order to play a key role in future energy systems. Furthermore, the book discusses alternative diesel fuels from oils and fats and proposes solutions to issues associated with biodiesel feedstocks, production issues, quality control, viscosity, stability, applications, emissions, and other environmental impacts.
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Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) is currently being researched as a way to reduce problematic emissions (i.e., NOx and PM) from compression-ignition engines while maintaining high fuel efficiency. One of the primary types of LTC is Premixed Compression Ignition (PCI), with some examples of PCI being homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) and partially premixed combustion (PPC). These LTC strategies use early fuel injections to allow sufficient time for air/fuel mixing before combustion. By increasing the amount of air/fuel premixing, NOx and PM emissions can be lowered due to the reduced local and global equivalence ratios. The lean nature of PCI also maintains high thermal efficiency due to the reduced heat transfer losses from the reduced peak combustion temperatures. However, too much air/fuel premixing can lead to rapid energy release rates, limiting the operation space for PCI. To combat this problem, the combustion strategy of interest for the study, RCCI, uses fuel reactivity gradients to increase combustion duration (i.e., reduce the energy release rate) and phasing control, thereby increasing the engine operating space for PCI operation. Previous tests [1-7] have shown promising results for petroleum-based fuels with RCCI. Recent work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has shown how blends of biofuels with petroleum fuels can improve RCCI combustion performance [8,9] The work sets out to examine biofuel performance over a wide engine operating space both at steady-state and transient operating conditions with RCCI combustion. It is hoped to demonstrate the capability and effects of using bio-derived fuels in place of conventional petroleum-derived fuels for advanced combustion strategies under real-world operating conditions. In RCCI operation, blends of biodiesel and ethanol fuels will be investigated to examine the fuel effects on the combustion event.
Author: Anand Ramanathan
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000205320
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
Advances in Clean Energy: Production and Application supports sustainable clean energy technology and green fuel for clean combustion by reviewing the pros and cons of currently available technologies specifically for biodiesel production from biomass sources, recent fuel modification strategy, low-temperature combustion technology, including other biofuels as well. Written for researchers, graduate students, and professionals in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, energy, and environmental engineering, this book: Covers global energy scenarios and future energy demands pertaining to clean energy technologies Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies used for biofuel production Includes new technologies and perspectives, giving up-to-date and state-of-the-art information on research and commercialization Discusses all conversion methods including biochemical and thermochemical Examines the environmental consequences of biomass-based biofuel use
