Fracture to Production Workflow Applied to Proppant Permeability Damage Effects in Unconventional Reservoirs PDF Download
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Author: Kashif Naseem
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 202
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Book Description
Most available data from shale production zones tends to point towards the presence of complex hydraulic fracture networks, especially in the Barnett and Marcellus formations. Representing these complex hydraulic fracture networks in reservoir simulators while incorporating the geo-mechanical parameters and fracture apertures is a challenge. In our work we developed a fracture to production simulation workflow using complex hydraulic fracture propagation model and a commercial reservoir simulator. The workflow was applied and validated using geological, stimulation and production data from the Marcellus shale. For validation, we used published data from a 5200 ft. long horizontal well drilled in the lower Marcellus. There were 14 fracturing stages with micro-seismic data and an available production history of 9 months. Complex hydraulic fractures simulations provided the fracture network geometry and aperture distributions as the output, which were up-scaled to grid block porosity and permeability values and imported into a reservoir model for production simulation and history match. The approach of using large grid blocks with conductivity adjustment to represent hydraulic fractures in a reservoir simulator which has been employed in this workflow was validated by comparing with published numerical and analytical solutions. Our results for history match were found to be in reasonable agreement with published results. The incorporation of apertures, complexity and geo-mechanics into reservoir models through this workflow reduces uncertainty in reservoir simulation of shale plays and leads to more realistic production forecasting. The workflow was utilized to study the effect of fracture conductivity damage on production. Homogenous and heterogeneous damage cases were considered. Capillary pressures, determined using empirical relationships and experimental data, were studied using the fracture to production workflow. Assuming homogenous instead of heterogeneous permeability damage in reservoir simulations was shown to have a significant impact on production forecasting, overestimating production by 70% or more over the course of two years. Capillary pressure however was less significant and ignoring capillary pressure in damaged hydraulic fractures led to only 3% difference in production in even the most damaged cases.
Author: Kashif Naseem
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 202
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Book Description
Most available data from shale production zones tends to point towards the presence of complex hydraulic fracture networks, especially in the Barnett and Marcellus formations. Representing these complex hydraulic fracture networks in reservoir simulators while incorporating the geo-mechanical parameters and fracture apertures is a challenge. In our work we developed a fracture to production simulation workflow using complex hydraulic fracture propagation model and a commercial reservoir simulator. The workflow was applied and validated using geological, stimulation and production data from the Marcellus shale. For validation, we used published data from a 5200 ft. long horizontal well drilled in the lower Marcellus. There were 14 fracturing stages with micro-seismic data and an available production history of 9 months. Complex hydraulic fractures simulations provided the fracture network geometry and aperture distributions as the output, which were up-scaled to grid block porosity and permeability values and imported into a reservoir model for production simulation and history match. The approach of using large grid blocks with conductivity adjustment to represent hydraulic fractures in a reservoir simulator which has been employed in this workflow was validated by comparing with published numerical and analytical solutions. Our results for history match were found to be in reasonable agreement with published results. The incorporation of apertures, complexity and geo-mechanics into reservoir models through this workflow reduces uncertainty in reservoir simulation of shale plays and leads to more realistic production forecasting. The workflow was utilized to study the effect of fracture conductivity damage on production. Homogenous and heterogeneous damage cases were considered. Capillary pressures, determined using empirical relationships and experimental data, were studied using the fracture to production workflow. Assuming homogenous instead of heterogeneous permeability damage in reservoir simulations was shown to have a significant impact on production forecasting, overestimating production by 70% or more over the course of two years. Capillary pressure however was less significant and ignoring capillary pressure in damaged hydraulic fractures led to only 3% difference in production in even the most damaged cases.
Author: Mark D. Zoback
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107087074
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 495
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Book Description
A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.
Author: Ming Gu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Slickwater with sand is the most commonly used hydraulic fracturing treatment for shale reservoirs. The slickwater treatment produces long skinny fractures, but only the near wellbore region is propped due to fast settling of sand. Adding gel into water can prevent the fast settling of sand, but gel may damage the fracture surface and proppant pack. Moreover, current water-based fracturing consumes a large amount of water, has high water leakage, and imposes high water disposal costs. The goal of this project is to develop non-damaging, less water-intensive fracturing treatments for shale gas reservoirs with improved proppant placement efficiency. Earlier studies have proposed to replace sand with ultra-light weight proppants (ULWP) to enhance proppant transport, but it is not used commonly in field. This study evaluates the performance of three kinds of ULWPs covering a wide range of specific gravity and representing the three typical manufacturing methods. In addition to replacing sand with ULWPs, replacing water with foams can be an alternative treatment that reduces water usage and decreases proppant settling. Polymer-added foams have been used in conventional reservoirs to improve proppant placement efficiency. However, polymers can damage shale permeability in unconventional reservoirs. This dissertation studies polymer-free foams (PFF) and evaluates their performance. This study uses both experiments and simulations to assess the productivity and profitability of the ULWP treatment and PFF treatment. First, a reservoir simulation model is built in CMG to study the impact of fracture conductivity and propped length on fracture productivity. This model assumes a single fracture intersecting a few reactivated natural fractures. Second, a 2D fracturing model is used to simulate the fracture propagation and proppant transport. Third, strength, API conductivity and gravity settling rates are measured for three ULWPs. Fourth, foam stability tests are conducted to screen the best PFF agents and the selected foams are put into a circulating loop to study their rheology. Finally, empirical correlations from the experiments are applied in the fracturing model and reservoir model to predict productivity by using the ULWPs with slickwater or using the PFFs with sand. Experimental results suggest that, at 4000 psi with concentrations varying from partial monolayer (0.05 lb/ft2) to multilayer (1 lb/ft2), ULW-1 (polymeric) is the most deformable with conductivity of 1-10 md-ft. ULW-2 (resin coated and impregnated ground walnut hull) is the second most deformable with similar conductivity. ULW-3 (resin coated porous ceramic) is the least deformable with conductivity of 20-1000 md-ft, which is comparable to sand. Three foam formulations (A, B: regular surfactant foam, C: viscoelastic surfactant foam) are selected based on the stability results of fourteen surfactants. All PFFs exhibit power-law rheological behavior in a laminar flow regime. The power law parameters of the regular surfactant PFF depend on both quality and pressure when quality is higher than 60% but depend on quality only when quality is lower than 60%. Simulation results suggest that under the optimal concentration of 0.04-0.06 v/v (0.37-0.55 lb/gal) for both ULW-1 and ULW-2, and 0.1 v/v (1.46 lb/gal) for ULW-3, 1-year cumulative production for 0.1 [mu]D shale reservoir is higher than sand by 127% for ULW-1, 28% for ULW-2, and 38% for ULW-3. The productivity benefits decrease as shale permeability increases for all three ULWPs. ULW-1 and ULW-2 have higher productivity benefits for longer production time, while ULW-3 has relatively constant productivity benefits over time. The economic profit of ULW-1 when priced at $5/lb is 2.2 times larger than that of sand for 1-year production in 0.1 [mu]D shale reservoirs; the acceptable maximum price is $10/lb for ULW-1, $6/lb for ULW-2, and $2.5/lb for ULW-3. The maximum price increases as production time increases. The PFFs with a quality of 60% carrying mesh 40 sand at a partial monolayer concentration of 0.04 v/v (0.88 lb/gal) can generate 50% higher productivity, 74% higher economic profit, and over 300% higher water efficiency than the best slickwater-sand case (mesh 40 sand at 0.1 v/v) for 1-year production in 0.1[mu]D shale reservoirs. The benefits of using the PFFs decrease with increasing shale permeability, increasing production time, or decreasing pumping time. This dissertation gives a range of field conditions where the ULWP and PFF may be more effective than slickwater-sand fracturing.
Author: P. Bedrikovetsky
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401722056
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 596
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Book Description
It is a pleasure to be asked to write the foreword to this interesting new book. When Professor Bedrikovetsky first accepted my invitation to spend an extended sabbatical period in the Department of Mineral Resources Engineering at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, I hoped it would be a period of fruitful collaboration. This book, a short course and a variety of technical papers are tangible evidence of a successful stay in the UK. I am also pleased that Professor Bedrikovetsky acted on my suggestion to publish this book with Kluwer as part of the petroleum publications for which I am Series Editor. The book derives much of its origin from the unpublished Doctor of Science thesis which Professor Bedrikovetsky prepared in Russian while at the Gubkin Institute. The original DSc contained a number of discrete publications unified by an analytical mathematics approach to fluid flow in petroleum reservoirs. During his sabbatical stay at Imperial College, Professor Bedrikovetsky has refined and extended many of the chapters and has discussed each one with internationally recognised experts in the field. He received great encouragement and editorial advice from Dr Gren Rowan, who pioneered analytical methods in reservoir modelling at BP for many years.
Author: Matthew Charles Rivers
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Ultra-deepwater reservoirs are important unconventional reservoirs that hold the potential to produce billions of barrels of hydrocarbons, but also present major challenges. This type of reservoir is usually high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) and has a relatively high permeability. Hydraulic fracturing high permeability reservoirs are different from the hydraulic fracturing technology used in low permeability formations. The main purpose of hydraulic fracturing in low permeability reservoirs is to create a long, highly conductive path, whereas in high permeability formations hydraulic fracturing is used predominantly to bypass near wellbore formation damage, control sand production and reduce near wellbore pressure drop. Hydraulically fracturing these types of wells requires short fractures packed with high proppant concentrations. In addition, fracturing in high permeability reservoirs aims at achieving enough fracture length to increase productivity, especially when the viscosity of the reservoir fluid is high. In order to pump such a job and ensure long term productivity from the fracture, understanding the behavior of the fracture fluid and proppant is critical. A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to study conductivity and fracture width with high proppant loading, high temperature and high pressure. Proppant was manually placed in the fracture and fracture fluid was pumped through the pack. Conductivity was measured by pumping oil to simulate reservoir conditions. Proppant performance and fracture fluids, which carry the proppant into the fracture, and their subsequent clean-up during production, were studied. High strength proppant is ideal for deep fracture stimulations and in this study different proppant loadings at different stresses were tested to see the impact of crushing and fracture width reduction on fracture conductivity. The preliminary test results indicated that oil at reservoir conditions improves clean-up of fracture fluid left in the proppant pack compared with using water at ambient temperature. Increasing the proppant concentration in the fracture showed higher conductivity values in some cases even at high closure stress. The increase in effective closure stress with high temperature resulted in a significant loss in conductivity. Additionally, the fracture width decreased with time and increased effective closure stress. Tests were also run to study the effect of cyclic loading which is expected to further decrease conductivity.
Author: Yu-Shu Wu
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0128129999
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 568
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Book Description
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling delivers all the pertinent technology and solutions in one product to become the go-to source for petroleum and reservoir engineers. Providing tools and approaches, this multi-contributed reference presents current and upcoming developments for modeling rock fracturing including their limitations and problem-solving applications. Fractures are common in oil and gas reservoir formations, and with the ongoing increase in development of unconventional reservoirs, more petroleum engineers today need to know the latest technology surrounding hydraulic fracturing technology such as fracture rock modeling. There is tremendous research in the area but not all located in one place. Covering two types of modeling technologies, various effective fracturing approaches and model applications for fracturing, the book equips today’s petroleum engineer with an all-inclusive product to characterize and optimize today’s more complex reservoirs. Offers understanding of the details surrounding fracturing and fracture modeling technology, including theories and quantitative methods Provides academic and practical perspective from multiple contributors at the forefront of hydraulic fracturing and rock mechanics Provides today’s petroleum engineer with model validation tools backed by real-world case studies
Author: Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet
Publisher:
ISBN: 1838811079
Category : Chemistry, Technical
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
The stimulation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs is proven to improve their productivity to an extent that has rendered them economically viable. Generally, the stimulation design is a complex process dependent on intertwining factors such as the history of the formation, rock and reservoir fluid type, lithology and structural layout of the formation, cost, time, etc. A holistic grasp of these can be daunting, especially for people without sufficient experience and/or expertise in the exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbon reserves. This book presents the key facets integral to producing unconventional resources, and how the different components, if pieced together, can be used to create an integrated stimulation design. Areas covered are as follows: • stimulation methods, • fracturing fluids, • mixing and behavior of reservoir fluids, • assessment of reservoir performance, • integration of surface drilling data, • estimation of geomechanical properties and hydrocarbon saturation, and • health and safety. Exploitation of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Hydraulic Fracturing and Other Recovery and Assessment Techniques is an excellent introduction to the subject area of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, but it also complements existing information in the same discipline. It is an essential text for higher education students and professionals in academia, research, and the industry.
Author: Hoss Belyadi
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0128176660
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 632
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Book Description
Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis, Second Edition, presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing. Enhanced to include today’s newest technologies, such as machine learning and the monitoring of field performance using pressure and rate transient analysis, this reference gives engineers the full spectrum of information needed to run unconventional field developments. Covering key aspects, including fracture clean-up, expanded material on refracturing, and a discussion on economic analysis in unconventional reservoirs, this book keeps today's petroleum engineers updated on the critical aspects of unconventional activity. Helps readers understand drilling and production technology and operations in shale gas through real-field examples Covers various topics on fractured wells and the exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbons in one complete reference Presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing
Author: Juan Correa Castro
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Unconventional gas has become an important resource to help meet our future energy demands. Although plentiful, it is difficult to produce this resource, when locked in a massive sedimentary formation. Among all unconventional gas resources, tight gas sands represent a big fraction and are often characterized by very low porosity and permeability associated with their producing formations, resulting in extremely low production rate. The low flow properties and the recovery factors of these sands make necessary continuous efforts to reduce costs and improve efficiency in all aspects of drilling, completion and production techniques. Many of the recent improvements have been in well completions and hydraulic fracturing. Thus, the main goal of a hydraulic fracture is to create a long, highly conductive fracture to facilitate the gas flow from the reservoir to the wellbore to obtain commercial production rates. Fracture conductivity depends on several factors, such as like the damage created by the gel during the treatment and the gel clean-up after the treatment. This research is focused on predicting more accurately the fracture conductivity, the gel damage created in fractures, and the fracture cleanup after a hydraulic fracture treatment under certain pressure and temperature conditions. Parameters that alter fracture conductivity, such as polymer concentration, breaker concentration and gas flow rate, are also examined in this study. A series of experiments, using a procedure of "dynamical fracture conductivity test," were carried out. This procedure simulates the proppant/frac fluid slurries flow into the fractures in a low-permeability rock, as it occurs in the field, using different combinations of polymer and breaker concentrations under reservoirs conditions. The result of this study provides the basis to optimize the fracturing fluids and the polymer loading at different reservoir conditions, which may result in a clean and conductive fracture. Success in improving this process will help to decrease capital expenditures and increase the production in unconventional tight gas reservoirs.
Author: D. Mader
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080868843
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1277
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Book Description
Many aspects of hydraulic proppant fracturing have changed since its innovation in 1947. The main significance of this book is its combination of technical and economical aspects to provide an integrated overview of the various applications of proppants in hydraulic fracturing, and gravel in sand control. The monitoring of fractures and gravel packs by well-logging and seismic techniques is also included.The book's extensive coverage of the subject should be of special interest to reservoir geologists and engineers, production engineers and technologists, and well log analysts.
