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Author: W.S. Cooper
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400998201
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
Author: W.S. Cooper
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400998201
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
Author: Pranab Kumar Sen
Publisher: Allied Publishers
ISBN: 9788170232940
Category : Language and logic
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
Author: Jay David Atlas
Publisher: Clarendon Library of Logic and
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
In this book, a set of problems which overlap philosophy, linguistics, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence are examined from the point of view of Chomsky's linguistics. The author uses linguistic analysis to shed new light on the philosophical and logical problems of meaning,ambiguity, truth, falsity, negation and existence. He shows that visual and verbal symbols have ways of meaning in common.
Author: Thomas T. Ballmer
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027280584
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 173
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Book Description
This is the second of two volumes – the first volume being Waltraud Brennenstuhl’s Control and Ability (P&B III:4) – treating biocybernetical questions of language. This book starts out from an investigation of the (neuro-)biological relevancy of natural language from the point of view of grammar and the lexicon. Furthermore, the basic mechanisms of the self-organization of organisms in their environments are discussed, in so far as they lead to linguistic control and abilities.
Author: C-T James Huang
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401134723
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
In comparative syntax a general approach has been pursued over the past decade predicated on the notion that Universal Grammar allows of open parameters, and that part of the job of linguistic theory is to specify what values these parameters may have, and how they may be set, given primary linguistic data, to determine the grammars of particu lar languages. The papers presented in this volume are also concerned with language variation understood in this way. Their goals, however, do not strictly fall under the rubric of comparative syntax, but form part of what is more properly thought of as a comparative semantics. Semantics, in its broadest sense, is concerned with how linguistic structures are associated with their truth-conditions. A comparative semantics, therefore, is concerned with whether this association can vary from language to language, and if so, what is the cause of this variation. Taking comparative semantics in this way places certain inherent limitations on the search for the sources of variability. This is because the semantic notion of truth is universal, and does not vary from language to language: Sentences either do or do not accurately characterize what they purport to describe. ! The source of semantic variability, therefore, must be somehow located in the way a language is structured.
Author: Florian Coulmas
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110822873
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Author: U. Reyle
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400913370
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 491
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Book Description
presupposition fails, we now give a short introduction into Unification Grammar. Since all implementations discussed in this volume use PROLOG (with the exception of BlockjHaugeneder), we felt that it would also be useful to explain the difference between unification in PROLOG and in UG. After the introduction to UG we briefly summarize the main arguments for using linguistic theories in natural language processing. We conclude with a short summary of the contributions to this volume. UNIFICATION GRAMMAR 3 Feature Structures or Complex Categories. Unification Grammar was developed by Martin Kay (Kay 1979). Martin Kay wanted to give a precise defmition (and implementation) of the notion of 'feature'. Linguists use features at nearly all levels of linguistic description. In phonetics, for instance, the phoneme b is usually described with the features 'bilabial', 'voiced' and 'nasal'. In the case of b the first two features get the value +, the third (nasal) gets the value -. Feature value pairs in phonology are normally represented as a matrix. bilabial: + voiced: + I nasal: - [Feature matrix for b.] In syntax features are used, for example, to distinguish different noun classes. The Latin noun 'murus' would be characterized by the following feature-value pairs: gender: masculin, number: singular, case: nominative, pred: murus. Besides a matrix representation one frequently fmds a graph representation for feature value pairs. The edges of the graph are labelled by features. The leaves denote the value of a feature.
Author: D. R. Dowty
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400994737
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 441
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Book Description
The most general goal of this book is to propose and illustrate a program of research in word semantics that combines some of the methodology and results in linguistic semantics, primarily that of the generative semantics school, with the rigorously formalized syntactic and semantic framework for the analysis of natural languages developed by Richard Montague and his associates, a framework in which truth and denotation with respect to a model are taken as the fundamental semantic notions. I hope to show, both from the linguist's and the philosopher's point of view, not only why this synthesis can be undertaken but also why it will be useful to pursue it. On the one hand, the linguists' decompositions of word meanings into more primitive parts are by themselves inherently incomplete, in that they deal only in distinctions in meaning without providing an account of what mean ings really are. Not only can these analyses be made complete by a model theoretic semantics, but also such an account of these analyses renders them more exact and more readily testable than they could ever be otherwise.
Author: Thomas T. Ballmer
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 311085094X
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
No detailed description available for "Linguistic Dynamics".
Author: Kofi Kissi Dompere
Publisher: Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd
ISBN: 191223498X
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Book Description
In the Theory of Philosophical Consciencism, Professor Dompere establishes how Nkrumah used the theory of categorial conversion housing the necessary conditions of transformation to design strategies for creating the sufficient conditions for socio-political transformations. The theory of Philosophical Consciencism is about the institutionally destruction-creation process for socio-political transformation. The theory shows the scientific contributions of Nkrumah's thinking to the solution of the transformation problem in science and its application to social systemicity, where Nkrumah's analytical weapons were drawn from African conceptual system. The theory is developed as logico-mathematical foundations that guide the internal management of the command-control decision-choice systems for creative destruction of socio-political varieties in transformations through the development of qualitative mathematics making possible the construct of qualitative equations of motion for connecting varieties in qualitative transfers. The qualitative equations of motion through the Philosophical Consciencism constitute the sufficient conditions for transformations. The theory links rationality, intentionality, experiential information structure, defective-deceptive information structures in the control-dynamic games of power and dominance by the duals and poles under the principle of opposites with relational continua and unity relative to decision-choice systems that induce negation-negation transformations, where paths are established by the history of success-failure outcomes in the socially control-dynamic zero-sum games between the duals in any duality and between the poles of any actual-potential polarity. The main premise of the monograph is that there exists a set of sufficient conditions in support of the necessary conditions for internal transformation of socio-natural varieties. The theory is useful in understanding developmental processes and multi-polar-power zero-sum games for global dominance. The necessary conditions constitute the natural necessity that constrains cognitive freedom. The sufficient conditions constitute cognitive freedom that must overcome the necessity in socio-natural systems dynamics. Had this conceptual system been familiar to African leaders, the African transformation from colonialism to complete emancipation, rather than neocolonialism, would have been increasingly successful. This holds for those seeking triumph over injustices, oppression, imperialism and social change in all systems.
