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Author: Susanna Loeb
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Tax deductions and tax credits for educational expenditures are proliferating across states. For example, in Minnesota taxpayers can deduct up to $1625 for elementary students or $2500 for secondary students for tuition, textbooks, transportation, academic summer camps, and summer school. Nationally, President Bush has proposed a $5000 tax deduction for tuition at private schools. These policies utilize the tax system for funding elementary and secondary education. The outlays would not appear as educational expenditures by state or federal sources in typical figures, such as those in the Digest of Education Statistics. Yet, given a base of the tax revenue that would be collected without the deductions and credits, these tax-expenditure policies utilize state and federal funds for schools. Tax expenditures for schools come not only from policies that directly target taxpayers educational spending but also from the deductibility of state and local taxes. Public elementary and secondary education in the United States is funded largely through property and income taxes at the state and local level. Taxpayers that itemize can deduct these taxes from their federal income tax. Direct federal aid to schools has consistently provided less than ten percent of total funding; yet, this deduction creates a federal subsidy to education, which not only provides funds to individuals who itemize, but also creates a price incentive for those individuals to spend more on public education. In this paper, we estimate the extent and distribution of this subsidy and ask how the price incentives created by the deductibility affect the distribution of education spending across school districts. We compare both the size and progressivity of this indirect federal subsidy to direct federal aid to districts.
Author: Susanna Loeb
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Tax deductions and tax credits for educational expenditures are proliferating across states. For example, in Minnesota taxpayers can deduct up to $1625 for elementary students or $2500 for secondary students for tuition, textbooks, transportation, academic summer camps, and summer school. Nationally, President Bush has proposed a $5000 tax deduction for tuition at private schools. These policies utilize the tax system for funding elementary and secondary education. The outlays would not appear as educational expenditures by state or federal sources in typical figures, such as those in the Digest of Education Statistics. Yet, given a base of the tax revenue that would be collected without the deductions and credits, these tax-expenditure policies utilize state and federal funds for schools. Tax expenditures for schools come not only from policies that directly target taxpayers educational spending but also from the deductibility of state and local taxes. Public elementary and secondary education in the United States is funded largely through property and income taxes at the state and local level. Taxpayers that itemize can deduct these taxes from their federal income tax. Direct federal aid to schools has consistently provided less than ten percent of total funding; yet, this deduction creates a federal subsidy to education, which not only provides funds to individuals who itemize, but also creates a price incentive for those individuals to spend more on public education. In this paper, we estimate the extent and distribution of this subsidy and ask how the price incentives created by the deductibility affect the distribution of education spending across school districts. We compare both the size and progressivity of this indirect federal subsidy to direct federal aid to districts.
Author: Daphne A. Kenyon
Publisher: Lincoln Inst of Land Policy
ISBN: 9781558441682
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 63
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Book Description
States experiencing taxpayer revolts among homeowners are tempted to reduce reliance on the property tax to fund schools. But a more targeted approach can provide property tax relief and improve state funding for public education. This policy focus report includes a comprehensive review of recent research on both property tax and school funding, and summarizes case studies of seven states-- California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio and Texas. The majority of these states are heavily reliant on property tax revenues to fund schools. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution, the report recommends addressing property taxes and school funding separately.
Author: Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Oregon
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Federal aid to education
Languages : en
Pages : 340
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Author: Eleanor L. Johnson
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 0788173359
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 247
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Book Description
State and Federal governments provided $146 billion for public elementary and secondary schools in school year 1994-95. Some of this revenue targeted poor students. This report examines state school finance policies, focusing on targeting to poor students and the funding gaps between districts with high and low proportions of poor students. Determines (1) the extent to which state and federal funding is targeted to districts on the basis of the number of poor students, and (2) the effect of state and federal funding on the amount of funds available to high-poverty compared with low-poverty districts. Also includes interviews with state and federal officials.
Author: Jonathan Kozol
Publisher: Crown
ISBN: 1400052459
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
Since the early 1980s, when the federal courts began dismantling the landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, segregation of black children has reverted to its highest level since 1968. In many inner-city schools, a stick-and-carrot method of behavioral control traditionally used in prisons is now used with students. Meanwhile, as high-stakes testing takes on pathological and punitive dimensions, liberal education has been increasingly replaced by culturally barren and robotic methods of instruction that would be rejected out of hand by schools that serve the mainstream of society. Filled with the passionate voices of children, principals, and teachers, and some of the most revered leaders in the black community, The Shame of the Nation pays tribute to those undefeated educators who persist against the odds, but directly challenges the chilling practices now being forced upon our urban systems. In their place, Kozol offers a humane, dramatic challenge to our nation to fulfill at last the promise made some 50 years ago to all our youngest citizens.
Author: United States. Congress. House Education & Labor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 1094
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Author: David C. Thompson
Publisher: IAP
ISBN: 1641136782
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 829
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Book Description
The National Education Finance Academy (NEFA) has completed a project providing a one- of-a-kind practical book on funding P-12 education in the United States. The book, entitled Funding Public Schools in the United States and Indian Country is a single volume with a clear and short chapter about each state. Approximately 50% of chapters are authored by university faculty who are members of NEFA; approximately 25% of chapters are authored by state department of education officials and/or state school board association officials; and the remaining 25% of chapters are authored by ASBO affiliate states. Each chapter contains information about: • Each state’s aid formula background; • Basic support program description and operation (the state aid formula) including how school aid is apportioned (e.g., state appropriations, local tax contributions, cost share ratios, and more); • Supplemental funding options relating to how school districts raise funds attached to or above the regular state aid scheme; • Compensatory programs operated in school districts and how those are funded and aided; • Categorical programs operated in school districts and how those are funded and aided; • Any funding supports for transportation operations; • Any funding supports for physical facilities and operations; and • Other state aids not covered in the above list.
Author: Diana Epstein
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
Low-income children tend to be concentrated in low-income school districts, and these children often attend schools that receive far fewer resources per pupil despite their greater need. Since education is primarily a state responsibility, more than 90 percent of school funding comes from state and local sources, and the federal government provides the rest. Districts have traditionally drawn much of their revenue from local property taxes, which means districts in high-wealth parts of a state are often funded more generously than districts in low-wealth areas. Over time, some states have moved to school finance models in which districts receive more funding from state sources and rely less on local revenue streams. The shift to higher proportions of state funding is aimed at ensuring districts in lower-wealth areas have access to additional resources so funding across districts is more equitable. In other states, however, the level of school funding is still largely driven by local taxes. This paper discusses the differences in per pupil funding across states by highlighting measures of spending and effort. It then examines the problem of intrastate fiscal inequity and surveys some of the different measures that are used to characterize a state's level of funding equity among districts within a state. It then compares and contrasts the different measures and presents data on states' fiscal equity using a variety of measures. The data demonstrate that many states are not fairly funding their school districts. (Contains 4 figures and 19 endnotes.).
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Education and state
Languages : en
Pages : 248
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