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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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Book Description
Measurements of the vapor pressure of the solvent in wide ranges of concentration and temperature provide information on solute solvation and ion pairing--the two phenomena most often invoked for description of dilute solutions. Even in moderately concentrated solutions, as interionic distances become comparable to ionic diameters, these simple concepts gradually lose their meaning and solutions behave like molten salts. The usefulness of experimental vapor pressure results increases rapidly with their accuracy, since derived properties, such as solution enthalpies and heat capacities, can be calculated. Very accurate results can be obtained by the isopiestic method, but primary vapor pressure data for standard solutions are needed. In order to obtain vapor pressures at conditions where accurate isopiestic standards are not available and to establish more accurate standards, the ORNL isopiestic apparatus was modified for simultaneous direct vapor pressure measurements and isopiestic comparisons. There are no comprehensive solution theories derived from molecular level models and able to predict thermodynamic properties of various electrolytes as the composition changes from dilute solutions to molten salts in a wide range of temperatures. Empirical and semi-empirical models are useful for representation of experimental results, interpretation of measurements of other properties such as conductance., solubility or liquid-vapor partitioning of solutes, and for verification of theoretical predictions. Vapor pressures for aqueous CaCl2, CaBr2, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaI were measured at temperatures between 380 and 523 K in the concentration range extended to water activities below 0.2 (over 30 mol/kg for LiCl). General equations based on the modified Pitzer ion-interaction model were used to obtain enthalpy and heat capacity surfaces, which are compared with direct calorimetric measurements.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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Book Description
Measurements of the vapor pressure of the solvent in wide ranges of concentration and temperature provide information on solute solvation and ion pairing--the two phenomena most often invoked for description of dilute solutions. Even in moderately concentrated solutions, as interionic distances become comparable to ionic diameters, these simple concepts gradually lose their meaning and solutions behave like molten salts. The usefulness of experimental vapor pressure results increases rapidly with their accuracy, since derived properties, such as solution enthalpies and heat capacities, can be calculated. Very accurate results can be obtained by the isopiestic method, but primary vapor pressure data for standard solutions are needed. In order to obtain vapor pressures at conditions where accurate isopiestic standards are not available and to establish more accurate standards, the ORNL isopiestic apparatus was modified for simultaneous direct vapor pressure measurements and isopiestic comparisons. There are no comprehensive solution theories derived from molecular level models and able to predict thermodynamic properties of various electrolytes as the composition changes from dilute solutions to molten salts in a wide range of temperatures. Empirical and semi-empirical models are useful for representation of experimental results, interpretation of measurements of other properties such as conductance., solubility or liquid-vapor partitioning of solutes, and for verification of theoretical predictions. Vapor pressures for aqueous CaCl2, CaBr2, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NaI were measured at temperatures between 380 and 523 K in the concentration range extended to water activities below 0.2 (over 30 mol/kg for LiCl). General equations based on the modified Pitzer ion-interaction model were used to obtain enthalpy and heat capacity surfaces, which are compared with direct calorimetric measurements.
Author: Chia-tsun Liu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Seawater
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
Author: Roberto Fernandez-Prini
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780849357602
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
This book provides a thorough discussion of the thermodynamics of aqueous solutions and presents tools for analyzing and solving scientific and practical problems arising in this area. It also presents methods that can be used to deal with ionic and nonionic aqueous solutions under sub- or supercritical conditions. Illustrations and tables give examples of procedures employed to predict thermodynamic quantities of the solutions, and an appendix summarizing statistical mechanical equations used to describe the systems is also provided. High-Temperature Aqueous Solutions: Thermodynamic Properties contains essential information for physical chemists, geochemists, geophysicists, chemical technicians, and scientists involved in electric power generation.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Thermodynamics
Languages : en
Pages : 378
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Book Description
Author: William Acree
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 032314067X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 319
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Book Description
Thermodynamic Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions reviews several of the more classical theories on the thermodynamics of nonelectrolyte solutions. Basic thermodynamic principles are discussed, along with predictive methods and molecular thermodynamics. This book is comprised of 12 chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to mathematical relationships, such as concentration variables, homogeneous functions, Euler’s theorem, exact differentials, and method of least squares. The discussion then turns to partial molar quantities, ideal and nonideal solutions, and empirical expressions for predicting the thermodynamic properties of multicomponent mixtures from binary data. The chapters that follow explore binary and ternary mixtures containing only nonspecific interactions; the thermodynamic excess properties of liquid mixtures and ternary alcohol-hydrocarbon systems; and solubility behavior of nonelectrolytes. This book concludes with a chapter describing the use of gas-liquid chromatography in determining the activity coefficients of liquid mixtures and mixed virial coefficients of gaseous mixtures. This text is intended primarily for professional chemists and researchers, and is invaluable to students in chemistry or chemical engineering who have background in physical chemistry and classical thermodynamics.
Author: Cecil M. Criss
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Entropy
Languages : en
Pages : 378
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Book Description
Author: V. P. Belousov
Publisher: Springer
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Organic Substances discusses the structure of aqueous solutions of organic substances and the intermolecular reactions in them, presenting experimental data, modern concepts concerning the properties of these solutions, and the results of computer simulation. The book offers an in-depth study of the properties of maximally dilute aqueous solutions of polar and nonpolar organic molecules as well as the specific enthalpies of mixing. The Addendum contains experimental data on the thermodynamic properties of infinitely dilute solutions.
Author: Jaime Wisniak
Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 746
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Book Description
Good,No Highlights,No Markup,all pages are intact, Slight Shelfwear,may have the corners slightly dented, may have slight color changes/slightly damaged spine.
Author: Roberto Fernandez-Prini
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080471994
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 767
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Book Description
The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS) has produced this book in order to provide an accessible, up-to-date overview of important aspects of the physical chemistry of aqueous systems at high temperatures and pressures. These systems are central to many areas of scientific study and industrial application, including electric power generation, industrial steam systems, hydrothermal processing of materials, geochemistry, and environmental applications. The authors’ goal is to present the material at a level that serves both the graduate student seeking to learn the state of the art, and also the industrial engineer or chemist seeking to develop additional expertise or to find the data needed to solve a specific problem. The wide range of people for whom this topic is important provides a challenge. Advanced work in this area is distributed among physical chemists, chemical engineers, geochemists, and other specialists, who may not be aware of parallel work by those outside their own specialty. The particular aspects of high-temperature aqueous physical chemistry of interest to one industry may be irrelevant to another; yet another industry might need the same basic information but in a very different form. To serve all these constituencies, the book includes several chapters that cover the foundational thermophysical properties (such as gas solubility, phase behavior, thermodynamic properties of solutes, and transport properties) that are of interest across numerous applications. The presentation of these topics is intended to be accessible to readers from a variety of backgrounds. Other chapters address fundamental areas of more specialized interest, such as critical phenomena and molecular-level solution structure. Several chapters are more application-oriented, addressing areas such as power-cycle chemistry and hydrothermal synthesis. As befits the variety of interests addressed, some chapters provide more theoretical guidance while others, such as those on acid/base equilibria and the solubilities of metal oxides and hydroxides, emphasize experimental techniques and data analysis. - Covers both the theory and applications of all Hydrothermal solutions - Provides an accessible, up-to-date overview of important aspects of the physical chemistry of aqueous systems at high temperatures and pressures - The presentation of the book is understandable to readers from a variety of backgrounds
Author: Gregory H. Miller
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030137325
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 533
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Book Description
This is a book about the science behind whisky: its production, its measurement, and its flavor. The main purpose of this book is to review the current state of whisky science in the open literature. The focus is principally on chemistry, which describes molecular structures and their interactions, and chemical engineering which is concerned with realizing chemical processes on an industrial scale. Biochemistry, the branch of chemistry concerned with living things, helps to understand the role of grains, yeast, bacteria, and oak. Thermodynamics, common to chemistry and chemical engineering, describes the energetics of transformation and the state that substances assume when in equilibrium. This book contains a taste of flavor chemistry and of sensory science, which connect the chemistry of a food or beverage to the flavor and pleasure experienced by a consumer. There is also a dusting of history, a social science.
