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Author: Michael Corey Adams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 137
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Book Description
Pressure-driven membrane filtration processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) provide opportunities for the dairy industry to better utilize milk by separating its components based on size. However, widespread adoption of some of these processes has yet to be realized due to membrane fouling. Membrane fouling is the accumulation of soil, or foulant, on the surface or within the pores of a membrane. Fouling prolongs processing times, increases energy and cleaning costs, decreases separation efficiency, and, in severe cases, may lead to irreversible clogging of the membrane. Microfiltration can be used to remove serum proteins (SP) from skim milk. The process' SP removal efficiency directly influences the technology's financial feasibility. Our first objective was to quantify the capacity of 0.14 [MICRO SIGN]m ceramic Isoflux MF membranes to remove SP from skim milk. The Isoflux membranes' manufacturer claims that using these membranes will reduce localized membrane fouling at the inlet end of the membrane that results from using high cross-flow velocities (5 - 7 m/s) to mitigate overall membrane fouling. Contrary to theoretical cumulative SP removal percentages of 68%, 90%, and 97% after 1, 2, and 3 stages of 3X MF processing, respectively, the 3X Isoflux process removed only 39.5%, 58.4%, and 70.2% after 1, 2, and 3 stages, respectively. Several design aspects of the membrane are thought to have resulted in this inefficiency. Ultrafiltration can be used to concentrate SP and reduce the lactose content of cheese whey or MF permeate of skim milk to produce 80% whey protein concentrates (WPC80) or 80% serum protein concentrates (SPC80), respectively. The objectives of our second study were to determine if adding annatto color to milk or bleaching whey or MF permeate of skim milk with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or benzoyl peroxide (BPO) influenced UF flux, diafiltration flux, or membrane fouling during production of WPC80 or SPC80. Addition of annatto color to milk had no effect on flux or fouling. Bleaching with or without added color increased flux during processing. Bleaching with H2O2 produced higher flux than bleaching with BPO. While bleaching with BPO reduced membrane fouling during WPC80 production, it did not impact membrane fouling during SPC80 production. Bleaching with H2O2 led to the largest reduction in fouling for both production processes.
Author: Michael Corey Adams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 137
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Book Description
Pressure-driven membrane filtration processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) provide opportunities for the dairy industry to better utilize milk by separating its components based on size. However, widespread adoption of some of these processes has yet to be realized due to membrane fouling. Membrane fouling is the accumulation of soil, or foulant, on the surface or within the pores of a membrane. Fouling prolongs processing times, increases energy and cleaning costs, decreases separation efficiency, and, in severe cases, may lead to irreversible clogging of the membrane. Microfiltration can be used to remove serum proteins (SP) from skim milk. The process' SP removal efficiency directly influences the technology's financial feasibility. Our first objective was to quantify the capacity of 0.14 [MICRO SIGN]m ceramic Isoflux MF membranes to remove SP from skim milk. The Isoflux membranes' manufacturer claims that using these membranes will reduce localized membrane fouling at the inlet end of the membrane that results from using high cross-flow velocities (5 - 7 m/s) to mitigate overall membrane fouling. Contrary to theoretical cumulative SP removal percentages of 68%, 90%, and 97% after 1, 2, and 3 stages of 3X MF processing, respectively, the 3X Isoflux process removed only 39.5%, 58.4%, and 70.2% after 1, 2, and 3 stages, respectively. Several design aspects of the membrane are thought to have resulted in this inefficiency. Ultrafiltration can be used to concentrate SP and reduce the lactose content of cheese whey or MF permeate of skim milk to produce 80% whey protein concentrates (WPC80) or 80% serum protein concentrates (SPC80), respectively. The objectives of our second study were to determine if adding annatto color to milk or bleaching whey or MF permeate of skim milk with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or benzoyl peroxide (BPO) influenced UF flux, diafiltration flux, or membrane fouling during production of WPC80 or SPC80. Addition of annatto color to milk had no effect on flux or fouling. Bleaching with or without added color increased flux during processing. Bleaching with H2O2 produced higher flux than bleaching with BPO. While bleaching with BPO reduced membrane fouling during WPC80 production, it did not impact membrane fouling during SPC80 production. Bleaching with H2O2 led to the largest reduction in fouling for both production processes.
Author: Anil Kumar Pabby
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1466555580
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 868
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Book Description
The Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food, and Biotechnological Applications, Second Edition provides detailed information on membrane separation technologies from an international team of experts. The handbook fills an important gap in the current literature by providing a comprehensive discussion of membrane application
Author: Teng Ju Tan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
Microfiltration (MF) can effectively remove microorganisms and somatic cells from milk, increasing the safety and shelf life of milk and dairy products. The main challenge in MF is membrane fouling, which leads to a significant decline in permeate flux over time. This work aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of membrane fouling in cold (6°C) MF of skim milk and optimize a CO2 backpulsing technique that can diminish membrane fouling by physically removing the foulant from the membrane surface. Using 3 injection ports, a CO2 injection frequency of 120 s and an injection duration of 1 s, a permeate flux of 30.02 ± 0.48 L/m2h was obtained after 3 h of MF at a cross-flow velocity of 3.8 m/s, as compared to 25.85 ± 0.99 L/m2h for the control. Additionally, a smaller drop in flux was observed for the optimized CO2 backpulsing process (15.57% after 3 h) as compared to the control (29.83% after 3 h). When MF was conducted at 6 m/s, the permeate flux after 3 h was 82.32 ± 4.42 L/m2h for MF with CO2 backpulsing, as compared to 71.39 ± 4.21 L/m2h for the control. MF with CO2 backpulsing also resulted in a higher transmission of total solids and protein than the control MF. A systematic investigation of the mechanisms of membrane fouling was conducted by identifying the proteins and minerals in four foulant streams: weakly attached external foulants (We), weakly attached internal foulants (Wi), strongly attached external foulants (Se), and strongly attached internal foulants (Si). The foulants were evaluated both after MF (without and with CO2 backpulsing) and after a brief contact between the membrane and milk (adsorption study). The concentration of minerals was very small in all foulant streams, below 2.5 ppm, and likely they do not contribute significantly to membrane fouling in cold MF. Proteomics analysis showed that all major milk proteins were present in all foulant streams. In adsorption trial, [alpha]lactalbumin level in We was higher than in milk, which indicates an affinity of this protein for the membrane material. The serum proteins [alpha]-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were found in a higher proportion in the "weakly attached" fractions (We and Wi) from the instantaneous adsorption study as compared to the control MF (without CO2 backpulsing), which suggests that caseins were mainly introduced into the fouling layer when transmembrane pressure was applied. Casein concentration did not increase in the foulants from CO2 backpulsing MF, despite the localized decrease in pH caused by the contact with CO 2. More significantly, CO2 backpulsing reduced the total protein concentration in We, with 52.98 ± 4.87 [mu]g/mL for CO2 backpulsing MF as compared to 62.20 ± 10.13 [mu]g/mL for control MF. Overall, the data indicates that CO2 backpulsing resulted in less weakly attached external foulants and possibly less loosely deposited materials on the membrane surface as compared to control MF, which improved permeation through the membrane. The knowledge generated in this study could be used to identify solutions to further minimize membrane fouling and increase the efficiency of milk MF. The CO2 backpulsing technique could be an efficient and affordable solution to mitigate fouling, and is also applicable to other cold membrane filtration processes, such as the MF of juice or beer.
Author: Adnan Y. Tamime
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1444333372
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 389
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Book Description
This book extensively reviews the dairy, beverage and distilled spirits applications of membrane processing techniques. The four main techniques of membrane filtration are covered: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. The book is divided into four informal sections. The first part provides an overview of membrane technology, including the main scientific principles; the major membrane types and their construction; cleaning and disinfection; and historical development. The second part focuses on dairy applications including liquid and fermented milks; cheese; whey; and milk concentrates. The third part of the book addresses beverage applications including mineral waters, fruit juices and sports drinks, and the final part looks at membrane filtration in the production of beers, wines and spirits.
Author: Michael Anthony Rudan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Membrane filters
Languages : en
Pages : 274
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Book Description
Author: Munir Cheryan
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 148227874X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 549
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Book Description
Soon after its publication in 1987, the first edition of Ultrafiltration Handbook became recognized as the leading handbook on ultrafiltration technology. Reviews in professional journals praised it as an authoritative and substantive information resource on this technology. Now a completely, updated and expanded edition is available under the titl
Author: Zeman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351431501
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 654
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Book Description
Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.
Author: Alfredo Cassano
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN: 3110742993
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 306
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Book Description
The two-volume work presents applications of integrated membrane operations in agro-food productions with significant focus on product quality, recovery of high added-value compounds, reduction of energy consumption and environmental impact. Volume 1. Dairy, Wine and Oil Processing. Volume 2. Wellness Ingredients and Juice Processing.
Author: Thomas Stephenson
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1900222078
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Book Description
The book covers the subject of membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, dealing with municipal as well as industrial wastewaters. The book details the 3 types of MBR available and discusses the science behind the technology, their design features, operation, applications, advantages, limitations, performance, current research activities and cost. As the demand for wastewater treatment, recycling and re-use technologies increases, it is envisaged that the membrane separation bioreactor will corner the market. Contents Membrane Fundamentals Biological Fundamentals Biomass Separation Membrane Bioreactors Membrane Aeration and Extractive Bioreactors Commercial Membrane Bioreactor Systems Membrane Bioreactor Applications Case Studies
Author: Shri Ramaswamy
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111849346X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 730
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Book Description
Separation and purification processes play a critical role in biorefineries and their optimal selection, design and operation to maximise product yields and improve overall process efficiency. Separations and purifications are necessary for upstream processes as well as in maximising and improving product recovery in downstream processes. These processes account for a significant fraction of the total capital and operating costs and also are highly energy intensive. Consequently, a better understanding of separation and purification processes, current and possible alternative and novel advanced methods is essential for achieving the overall techno-economic feasibility and commercial success of sustainable biorefineries. This book presents a comprehensive overview focused specifically on the present state, future challenges and opportunities for separation and purification methods and technologies in biorefineries. Topics covered include: Equilibrium Separations: Distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Affinity-Based Separations: Adsorption, ion exchange, and simulated moving bed technologies. Membrane Based Separations: Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration, nanofiltration, membrane pervaporation, and membrane distillation. Solid-liquid Separations: Conventional filtration and solid-liquid extraction. Hybrid/Integrated Reaction-Separation Systems: Membrane bioreactors, extractive fermentation, reactive distillation and reactive absorption. For each of these processes, the fundamental principles and design aspects are presented, followed by a detailed discussion and specific examples of applications in biorefineries. Each chapter also considers the market needs, industrial challenges, future opportunities, and economic importance of the separation and purification methods. The book concludes with a series of detailed case studies including cellulosic bioethanol production, extraction of algae oil from microalgae, and production of biopolymers. Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries is an essential resource for scientists and engineers, as well as researchers and academics working in the broader conventional and emerging bio-based products industry, including biomaterials, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy.
