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Author: Michael James McKie
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Drinking water biofiltration research has increased dramatically in the past decade as new monitoring techniques have become available, resulting in widespread implementation at municipal treatment facilities. However, biofiltration is still considered a "black-box" technology which offers limited process control. This research examined biofiltration using a variety of techniques to develop a practical understanding of the underlying biological processes and provide guidance for improved design and operation. This research focussed on three primary topics: i) modelling processes critical to biofiltration, ii) applying biological monitoring to improve treatment, and iii) demonstrating benefits beyond providing improved water quality. Initial studies evaluated the application of a biofilter scaling model to determine the significance of biofilm shear loss and mass transport resistance with respect to a variety of biomass (density, function, and community composition) and water quality (organics, nutrients, disinfection by-product formation potential) parameters. Biofilm shear loss was observed to be the critical design parameter when scaling biofilter processes from pilot- to bench-scale, as enzyme activity, indicative of biological function, was not equivalent to pilot filters when mass transport resistance was deemed to have primacy. Subsequent studies further examined enzyme activity as a monitoring parameter for biofilter function; esterase and phosphatase were identified as being quantifiable and meaningful. Combining enzyme activity and filter empty bed contact time (EBCT) was defined as "Effective Activity". Effective esterase activity was observed to correlate to carbon removal whereas effective phosphatase activity was correlated with phosphate removal. These relationships were observed for a range of pre-treatments (coagulation, pre-ozonation, ultrafiltration, UV), filter media (granular activated carbon, anthracite or sand) and operating conditions (EBCT, daily shutdown) suggesting that effective activity may serve as a useful design and operation parameter. Finally, two water treatment facilities were examined to determine potential energy cost savings associated with cyclical biofilter operation. It was shown that production costs could be reduced by >20% by scheduling production during low energy cost periods (e.g. 10 PM - 7 AM). This research demonstrated that monitoring biofilter enzyme activity may allow for optimal design and operation when compared to other monitoring parameters. Cyclically operated biofilters may dramatically reduce operating costs without impacting water quality.
Author: Michael James McKie
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Drinking water biofiltration research has increased dramatically in the past decade as new monitoring techniques have become available, resulting in widespread implementation at municipal treatment facilities. However, biofiltration is still considered a "black-box" technology which offers limited process control. This research examined biofiltration using a variety of techniques to develop a practical understanding of the underlying biological processes and provide guidance for improved design and operation. This research focussed on three primary topics: i) modelling processes critical to biofiltration, ii) applying biological monitoring to improve treatment, and iii) demonstrating benefits beyond providing improved water quality. Initial studies evaluated the application of a biofilter scaling model to determine the significance of biofilm shear loss and mass transport resistance with respect to a variety of biomass (density, function, and community composition) and water quality (organics, nutrients, disinfection by-product formation potential) parameters. Biofilm shear loss was observed to be the critical design parameter when scaling biofilter processes from pilot- to bench-scale, as enzyme activity, indicative of biological function, was not equivalent to pilot filters when mass transport resistance was deemed to have primacy. Subsequent studies further examined enzyme activity as a monitoring parameter for biofilter function; esterase and phosphatase were identified as being quantifiable and meaningful. Combining enzyme activity and filter empty bed contact time (EBCT) was defined as "Effective Activity". Effective esterase activity was observed to correlate to carbon removal whereas effective phosphatase activity was correlated with phosphate removal. These relationships were observed for a range of pre-treatments (coagulation, pre-ozonation, ultrafiltration, UV), filter media (granular activated carbon, anthracite or sand) and operating conditions (EBCT, daily shutdown) suggesting that effective activity may serve as a useful design and operation parameter. Finally, two water treatment facilities were examined to determine potential energy cost savings associated with cyclical biofilter operation. It was shown that production costs could be reduced by >20% by scheduling production during low energy cost periods (e.g. 10 PM - 7 AM). This research demonstrated that monitoring biofilter enzyme activity may allow for optimal design and operation when compared to other monitoring parameters. Cyclically operated biofilters may dramatically reduce operating costs without impacting water quality.
Author: Amina K. Stoddart
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex mixture of organic material ubiquitous in natural waters. NOM can affect nearly all aspects of drinking water treatment. It can exert a demand on treatment chemicals, promote regrowth in distribution systems and can form genotoxic and/or carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) when exposed to disinfectant. Biofiltration is one treatment strategy that has potential to provide additional removal of NOM following coagulation. In biofiltration, bacteria indigenous to the source water form biofilms on filter media and use organic material as an energy source. This type of biological treatment within a filter has advantages over filtration with relatively biologically inert granular media because of its potential to provide additional NOM removal through biodegradation. This thesis investigated conversion of full-scale anthracite-sand drinking water filters to biofilters through the removal of prechlorination. Results showed that filters operated in direct filtration mode could be converted in this way to reduce DBP formation in the plant effluent and distribution system without compromising water quality or filter performance. Biomass monitoring using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) showed that filter media biomass increased as a result of conversion. Further interpretation of the biomass data with a growth model demonstrated that consistency in biomass sampling within the context of the operational state of the filter or following significant process changes was critical information for long-term performance assessment. A concurrent pilot-scale investigation tested nutrient, oxidant and filter media enhancement strategies with the goal of improving NOM removal and further reducing DBP formation. Results showed that nutrient and oxidant addition could increase the filter biomass and alter the microbial community, but would not improve NOM removal or further reduce DBP formation potential. Ultimately, despite reductions in DBP formation and increases in biofilter biomass, NOM removal across the biofilters remained unchanged with conversion and enhancements, posing a challenge for process monitoring. A novel method to measure oxygen demand was optimized for use in a drinking water matrix and used to evaluate NOM removal and transformation in the biofilters.
Author: Catherine Gonzalez
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780470745434
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 440
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Book Description
Rapid Chemical and Biological Techniques for Water Monitoring presents in one volume the broad spectrum of monitoring tools, both available and under development, and provides an assessment of their potential for underpinning environmental management and legislation. The book explores screening methods in the context of water policies; chemical methods; biological methods; potential use of screening methods; quality assurance and validation methods; integration of screening methods in water monitoring strategies. The text provides a timely source of information for post-graduates, researchers, and professionals involved in water management at all levels.
Author: Rolf Gimbel
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843391201
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 580
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Book Description
Slow sand filtration is typically cited as being the first "engineered" process in drinking-water treatment. Proven modifications to the conventional slow sand filtration process, the awareness of induced biological activity in riverbank filtration systems, and the growth of oxidant-induced biological removals in more rapid-rate filters (e.g. biological activated carbon) demonstrate the renaissance of biofiltration as a treatment process that remains viable for both small, rural communities and major cities. Biofiltration is expected to become even more common in the future as efforts intensify to decrease the presence of disease-causing microorganisms and disinfection by-products in drinking water, to minimize microbial regrowth potential in distribution systems, and where operator skill levels are emphasized. Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes provides a state-of-the-art assessment on a variety of biofiltration systems from studies conducted around the world. The authors collectively represent a perspective from 23 countries and include academics, biofiltration system users, designers, and manufacturers. It provides an up-to-date perspective on the physical, chemical, biological, and operational factors affecting the performance of slow sand filtration (SSF), riverbank filtration (RBF), soil-aquifer treatment (SAT), and biological activated carbon (BAC) processes. The main themes are: comparable overviews of biofiltration systems; slow sand filtration process behavior, treatment performance and process developments; and alternative biofiltration process behaviors, treatment performances, and process developments.
Author: Tyler Shoemaker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water treatment units
Languages : en
Pages : 77
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Book Description
Biofiltration is capable of reducing DBP precursors and other contaminants in drinking water treatment. However, conventional polishing biofilters are prone to biofouling due to low nutrient levels. A roughing biofilter earlier in the process was evaluated as an alternative. Lab-scale experiments used a crystal violet (CV) assay for quantifying biofilm establishment on two roughing biofilter media: a porous ceramic ring and a honeycomb-style trickling filter media. Limitations with the CV assay for this application were identified. Pilot-scale roughing biofilters were installed at a drinking water plant for 70-days and operated to maximize biofilter performance. Biological activity was confirmed as CV absorbance increased from 0.085 to 0.400 AU. However, correlations of biological activity with water quality improvements were not possible, prompting several suggestions for future research including increasing the empty bed contact time (filter depth), starting up the filters in a laboratory setting, and monitoring changes in the organic carbon composition.
Author:
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 1428900179
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 73
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Book Description
Issued to highlight information appropriate to small systems, to provide a background on regulations, and to present a summary of related research with an emphasis on filtration and disinfection technologies. Also includes information on how the systems can be "packaged" with remote monitoring and control technologies to provide a healthy and affordable solution for the small systems.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 10
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Book Description
Author: Beate Escher
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843393689
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Book Description
Part of Water Quality Set - Buy all four books and save over 30% on buying separately! Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment reviews the application of bioanalytical tools to the assessment of water quality including surveillance monitoring. The types of water included range from wastewater to drinking water, including recycled water, as well as treatment processes and advanced water treatment. Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment not only demonstrates applications but also fills in the background knowledge in toxicology/ecotoxicology needed to appreciate these applications. Each chapter summarises fundamental material in a targeted way so that information can be applied to better understand the use of bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment. Bioanalytical tools in Water Quality Assessment can be used by lecturers teaching academic and professional courses and also by risk assessors, regulators, experts, consultants, researchers and managers working in the water sector. It can also be a reference manual for environmental engineers, analytical chemists, and toxicologists. Authors: Beate Escher, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), The University of Queensland, Australia, Frederic Leusch, Smart Water Research Facility (G51), Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Australia. With contributions by Heather Chapman and Anita Poulsen
Author: Maulin P. Shah
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128239468
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 526
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Book Description
Many physico-chemical and operational factors influence the performance, treatment costs and long-term stability of biofilters for the treatment of wastewater. An Innovative Role of Biofiltration in Wastewater Treatment Plants focuses on identifying the factors that affect biofiltration, such as the hydraulic retention time of the biofiltration system, the type and characteristics of the filter and the attached biomass, explains their influence and provides guidelines on how to control these factors to optimize better operation with respect to pollutant control present in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The fundamental basis of treatment in biofilters is the action of pollutant-degrading microorganisms and consequently the book also discusses in depth about the microbial ecology of biofiltration. In addition, it explores the applications of biofiltration including the removal of emerging pollutants. Describes the microbial ecology of biofiltration Includes modeling of biofiltration Describes the designing of biofilters, start-up, and monitoring Discusses the mechanism of biofiltration Describes the controlling and operational factors of biofiltration
Author: Christian Kazner
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843392755
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 481
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Book Description
The best papers from the three-day conference on Safe Drinking Water from Source to Tap June 2009 in Maastricht are published in this book covering the themes of challenges of the water sector and adaptive strategies, treatment, distribution, risk assessment and risk management, sensors and monitoring, small scale systems, simulation, alternative water supply & sources, consumer involvement, and future drinking water. Worldwide, the water supply sector is facing tremendous challenges. Every new emerging contaminants and pathogens and aging infrastructures that are vulnerable for deliberate contamination pose a threat to the quality of water supplies. Shortage of good quality and readily treatable resources is increasing due to global warming, urbanisation and pollution from agriculture and industry. Regulators and consumers are becoming more demanding. Techneau - the largest European project on drinking water - addresses these challenges by developing adaptive supply system options and new and improved treatment and monitoring technologies. Future system options to be studied are flexible, small scale and multi-source supplies, utilising non conventional resources like brackish ground water, treated wastewater and urban groundwater.
