Estimation of the Ideal Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan:Lysine Ratio in 10 to 20 Kg Pigs PDF Download
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Author: Grant I. Petersen
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Languages : en
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A holistic approach was applied in the determination of Trp:Lys ratio in 10 to 20 kg pigs. The objective of the first experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA of specific allocations of ingredients identified to be low in Trp:Lys ratio. Results indicated that the SID of AA in CGM was similar to the SID of AA in SBM. The SID of AA in field peas was similar to that of corn, however each were somewhat lower (P
Author: Grant I. Petersen
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Languages : en
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Book Description
A holistic approach was applied in the determination of Trp:Lys ratio in 10 to 20 kg pigs. The objective of the first experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA of specific allocations of ingredients identified to be low in Trp:Lys ratio. Results indicated that the SID of AA in CGM was similar to the SID of AA in SBM. The SID of AA in field peas was similar to that of corn, however each were somewhat lower (P
Author: Sureemas Nitikanchana
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Languages : en
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A total of 8 experiments and a meta-analysis were performed with the overarching goal to improve amino acid and energy utilization in swine diets. The first experiment used a total of 255 nursery pigs to evaluate the optimum dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan to lysine (Trp:Lys) ratio. Four experiments also were conducted using 6,668 finishing pigs to determine the effects of SID Trp:Lys ratio in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. A subsequent experiment evaluated the interaction between Trp and large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAA) on growth performance of early and late-finishing pigs. Lastly, data from 41 trials and 2 validation trials were used to develop a regression equations to predict ADG or gain to feed (G:F) as influenced by BW and net energy (NE) content in growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, the growth performance and economics indicated the optimum SID Trp concentration for 6-to 10-kg nursery pigs at 20.3% of Lys. In Exp. 2, 3, and 4, there were no differences in growth performance due to SID Trp:Lys ratio; however, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio suggested an opportunity to improve carcass yield and lean in pigs fed high levels of DDGS. Experiment 5 indicated an optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 20% for 71- to 127-kg pigs fed high level of DDGS. In Exp. 6, growth performance was unaffected by dietary treatment suggesting that 16.5% SID Trp:Lys was adequate to prevent a negative impact on growth when SID Trp:LNAA was as low as 3.0% in finishing period. Overall, the experiments suggested a higher optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio than is currently standard practice. The regression analysis from the meta-analysis showed that increasing dietary NE improved ADG and G:F. However, the magnitude of improvement will be minimized if the SID Lys concentration is limiting. The validation experiments indicated that the prediction equations provided a good estimation of growth rate and feed efficiency of growing-finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary NE except for pigs fed the diet with DDGS. These predictions of growth performance can then be used to model economic value of different dietary energy strategies.
Author: Balachandar Jayaraman
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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In animals, dietary amino acids (AA) are primarily important for maintenance and protein accretion. However, under immune challenge conditions, AA metabolism was altered, resulting in AA being redistributed away from growth and production functions to immune functions. Moreover, the AA requirements for weaned piglets might be higher with antibiotic growth promoter (AGP)-free starter diets than the NRC requirements for piglets, particularly if they are exposed to immune challenge conditions. Therefore, this project aimed at determining the optimal standardized ileal digestible threonine:lysine ratio (SID Thr:Lys) and tryptophan:lysine ratio (SID Trp:Lys) in weaned piglets fed AGP-free diets and subjected to immune challenge conditions (sanitation and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC K88) models). The objective of study one was to determine the optimal SID Thr:Lys of weaned piglets fed AGP-free diets and reared under clean (CL) or unclean (UCL) conditions using growth as response criteria. An estimated SID Thr:Lys of 65% and 67% optimized feed efficiency for weaned pigs under CL and UCL conditions, respectively. The second study determined the optimal SID Trp:Lys in weaned piglets reared under CL or UCL conditions. Under CL conditions, the estimated optimal SID Trp:Lys for ADG was 19.7%, whereas under UCL conditions, these values were 20.5% and 19.0% for ADG and G:F, respectively. The third study was conducted to determine the optimal SID Trp:Lys and immune responses in weaned piglets fed AGP-free diets and challenged with ETEC K88. The optimal SID Trp:Lys determined using the linear-broken-line regression analysis for ADG and G:F was 21.7% and 20.1%, respectively. The objectives of the final experiment were to determine the optimal SID Thr:Lys and evaluate the effects of SID Thr:Lys on mucin gene expression and immune responses in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC K88. Based on ileal histomorphology as response criteria, the estimated optimal SID Thr:Lys was 65.6% in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC K88. In conclusion, weaned piglets raised under sub-optimal health conditions (E. coli K88) and fed AGP-free diets need greater dietary Thr:Lys and Trp:Lys requirements than reported by NRC (2012). Ensuring enough AA in AGP-free starter diets would support in maintaining good performance under sub-optimal health conditions.
Author: Anthony David Quant
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Category : Lysine in animal nutrition
Languages : en
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Author: Lee I. Chiba
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0813805341
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 508
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Finding sustainable means of swine nutrition is important to both pork industry personnel and the environment alike. This reference comprehensively covers the most recent advancements in sustainability that results in more efficient diets, thus reducing both production costs and waste. Chapters include information on alternative feedstuffs, feed additives, bioavailabity of nutrients, and management of wastes and odors. Written by internationally recognized experts in the field, Sustainable Swine Nutrition will be a valuable reference for those involved in all aspects of pork production. Comprehensively covers the most recent advancements in sustainability to promote reduced pork production costs and waste Covers recent topics such as alternative feedstuffs, feed additives, and bioavalability Discusses environmental topics such as waste and odor management Written by an international team of experts in the field
Author: Jeremiah Eugene Nemechek
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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A total of 5,212 nursery pigs were used in 11 experiments to evaluate amino acids in nursery pig diets. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted to determine whether the Lys level fed during one phase of the nursery influenced the response to Lys during subsequent phases. Experiment 1 tested a wide range of dietary Lys in 2 phases and reported that pigs fed high Lys during each period had increased growth performance; however, compensatory growth occurred for the pigs previously fed low Lys diets, resulting in no impact on overall ADG or final BW. Experiment 2 tested a narrow range of dietary Lys in 3 phases and found that marginally deficient diets can be fed in the early nursery phases without influencing final BW or the response to Lys levels in subsequent phases. Both experiments demonstrate that the low dietary Lys levels used in each can be fed in the early nursery phases with no negative impact on overall nursery growth rate provided that adequate levels are fed thereafter. Experiments 3 to 6 were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 7- to 14-kg. Data from all experiments were combined and break-point and quadratic broken-line analysis was used to determine the estimated SID Lys requirement. The SID Lys requirement for optimal growth was at least 1.30% for ADG and 1.37% for G:F, or at least 3.86 and 4.19 g SID Lys/Mcal ME, respectively. Experiments 7 to 11 were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing specialty protein sources with crystalline AA and AA requirements for 7- to 12-kg pigs. Experiment 7 demonstrated that crystalline AA can be used to replace fish meal in diets with no negative effects on growth performance. Experiment 8 demonstrated that L-Trp, L-Val, and a source of non-essential AA were needed in low-CP, AA-fortified nursery diets to achieve maximum growth performance, whereas the addition of L-Ile was not required. Experiment 9 indicated that feeding greater than 7.35% total Lys:CP decreased growth performance and Exp. 10 indicated that a SID Val:Lys ratio of 65% was sufficient for optimal growth of early nursery pigs. Implementing the results from the previous experiments, Exp. 11 determined that crystalline AA in nursery pigs diets can replace high amounts of fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal when balanced for minimum AA ratios and maximum Lys:CP with no negative effect on growth performance.
Author: Márcio Antônio Dornelles Gonçalves
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The overall goal of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of different amino acid (AA) levels on performance of pigs under commercial conditions. To reach this objective, a total of 12 experiments were conducted. For the sow research, 1,102 highly prolific sows were used to determine the effects of AA and energy intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and reproductive performance of sows. Weight gain depended on the energy and AA intake levels while sows fed increased amount of energy had increased stillborn rate; however, there was no statistical differences due to energy intake in stillborn rate of gilts. The modest increase in individual piglet birth weight is due to energy rather than AA intake during late gestation. Pre-weaning mortality was reduced in piglets suckling from sows fed high AA diets during late gestation while subsequent reproductive performance was not affected. With recent advances in statistical computing capability, linear and non-linear mixed models were refined to estimate the AA ratio dose-response relationships. Then, 4 experiments using 2,420 wean-to-finish pigs were conducted to validate the methods for estimating the standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA to lysine (AA:Lys) ratio requirement. Subsequently, 7 experiments using 7,562 pigs were conducted to estimate the SID tryptophan (Trp) to Lys and Valine (Val) to Lys ratio requirements of wean-to-finish pigs. In 11- to 20-kg pigs, optimum SID Trp:Lys ranged from 16.6% for maximum mean G:F to 21.2% for ADG. In 30- to 125-kg pigs, optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio ranged from 16.9% for maximum mean G:F to 23.5% for ADG. However, 18% SID Trp:Lys captured 96 and 100% of the maximum mean ADG and G:F for finishing pigs, respectively. In 25- to 45-kg pigs, optimum SID Val:Lys ratio ranged from 72.3% for maximum mean G:F to 74.4% for ADG with 99% of the maximum mean ADG and G:F at approximately 69% and 65% SID Val:Lys ratio, respectively. In conclusion, optimum SID Trp:Lys and Val:Lys were consistently higher for ADG than G:F. This finding is critical for conducting economic evaluations and reference tables such as NRC (2012) should consider presenting requirement values for different response criteria.
Author: Roseline Kahindi
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Robert W. Clark
Publisher:
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Category : Swine
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Author: Meeka M. Capozzalo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Swine
Languages : en
Pages : 315
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