Author: Catarina Castro
Publisher: Intersentia nv
ISBN: 9050952399
Category : Data protection
Languages : en
Pages : 330
Book Description
This book contains the national reports and a comparative synthesis regarding the employment privacy law in the European Union. It reflects the background research that has been undertaken to prepare a European study conducted with the support of the European Commission, DG Employment, and Social Affairs. The main purpose of this research has been to undertake a comparative study in the European Union on the issue of the protection of workers' personal data, more in particular concerning the case of surveillance and monitoring. The study has focused on the situation in the various Member States of the European Union and has aimed to focus on the extent of the Member State laws and guidelines in this area, on whether such laws or existing guidelines adequately protect the worker, and on suggestions or recommendations or appropriate guidelines that would ensure suitable protection for the worker in relation to his or her monitoring and surveillance by the employer. The research has been undertaken under the supervision of the editor with the cooperation of the contributors who are all specialists in the field of employment privacy. Each expert has prepared a country study regarding the situation in the relevant Member State. The national research activities have resulted in a general discussion at a closed expert meeting on 4 and 5 October 2001, organised at the Law Faculty of the University of Leuven (Belgium). During this seminar, country surveys have been further explained and discussed, and policy options or suggestions have been looked upon in the examined field of study. The comparative overview departs from the horizontal approach of comparativism. This means that it integrates all relevant information regarding Member States horizontally, throughout the general theme and its appropriate subthemes. Contributions to this book are made by: C. Castro, X.C. Vásquez, M. Colucci, M. Forde, A. Höland, T. Homan, A. Johansson, L. Kanellos, J. Kristiansen, N. Melzer, G. Morris, S. Nerbonne, A. von Koskull.
Employment Privacy Law in the European Union
Author: Catarina Castro
Publisher: Intersentia nv
ISBN: 9050952399
Category : Data protection
Languages : en
Pages : 330
Book Description
This book contains the national reports and a comparative synthesis regarding the employment privacy law in the European Union. It reflects the background research that has been undertaken to prepare a European study conducted with the support of the European Commission, DG Employment, and Social Affairs. The main purpose of this research has been to undertake a comparative study in the European Union on the issue of the protection of workers' personal data, more in particular concerning the case of surveillance and monitoring. The study has focused on the situation in the various Member States of the European Union and has aimed to focus on the extent of the Member State laws and guidelines in this area, on whether such laws or existing guidelines adequately protect the worker, and on suggestions or recommendations or appropriate guidelines that would ensure suitable protection for the worker in relation to his or her monitoring and surveillance by the employer. The research has been undertaken under the supervision of the editor with the cooperation of the contributors who are all specialists in the field of employment privacy. Each expert has prepared a country study regarding the situation in the relevant Member State. The national research activities have resulted in a general discussion at a closed expert meeting on 4 and 5 October 2001, organised at the Law Faculty of the University of Leuven (Belgium). During this seminar, country surveys have been further explained and discussed, and policy options or suggestions have been looked upon in the examined field of study. The comparative overview departs from the horizontal approach of comparativism. This means that it integrates all relevant information regarding Member States horizontally, throughout the general theme and its appropriate subthemes. Contributions to this book are made by: C. Castro, X.C. Vásquez, M. Colucci, M. Forde, A. Höland, T. Homan, A. Johansson, L. Kanellos, J. Kristiansen, N. Melzer, G. Morris, S. Nerbonne, A. von Koskull.
Publisher: Intersentia nv
ISBN: 9050952399
Category : Data protection
Languages : en
Pages : 330
Book Description
This book contains the national reports and a comparative synthesis regarding the employment privacy law in the European Union. It reflects the background research that has been undertaken to prepare a European study conducted with the support of the European Commission, DG Employment, and Social Affairs. The main purpose of this research has been to undertake a comparative study in the European Union on the issue of the protection of workers' personal data, more in particular concerning the case of surveillance and monitoring. The study has focused on the situation in the various Member States of the European Union and has aimed to focus on the extent of the Member State laws and guidelines in this area, on whether such laws or existing guidelines adequately protect the worker, and on suggestions or recommendations or appropriate guidelines that would ensure suitable protection for the worker in relation to his or her monitoring and surveillance by the employer. The research has been undertaken under the supervision of the editor with the cooperation of the contributors who are all specialists in the field of employment privacy. Each expert has prepared a country study regarding the situation in the relevant Member State. The national research activities have resulted in a general discussion at a closed expert meeting on 4 and 5 October 2001, organised at the Law Faculty of the University of Leuven (Belgium). During this seminar, country surveys have been further explained and discussed, and policy options or suggestions have been looked upon in the examined field of study. The comparative overview departs from the horizontal approach of comparativism. This means that it integrates all relevant information regarding Member States horizontally, throughout the general theme and its appropriate subthemes. Contributions to this book are made by: C. Castro, X.C. Vásquez, M. Colucci, M. Forde, A. Höland, T. Homan, A. Johansson, L. Kanellos, J. Kristiansen, N. Melzer, G. Morris, S. Nerbonne, A. von Koskull.
Employment Privacy Law in the European Union
Author: Alberto Arufe Varela
Publisher: Intersentia nv
ISBN: 9050953018
Category : Data protection
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
Information and knowledge have become crucial factors in modern labour markets. In this context, labour-management relations are characterised by an increasing and considerable flow of information. These developments are influenced by new management techniques, such as human resources management, in which the individual is identified as a key element in business success. Furthermore, there is the globalisation of the economy, the increase of international corporate mergers and the unfolding of the network society, which goes hand in hand with technological innovations. These developments not only multiplied the needs for information and the flow of data in employment relations, but also improved techniques of data processing revealing sensitive data of employees. This book deals with employment privacy law, a field of knowledge that increasingly gains influence in legal theory and daily practice. It concentrates on the legal regulation of general human resources data as well as sensitve data in the employment context. The book is developed within a comparative perspective, providing an overview and analysis of the Law of each Member State of the European Union in the field of study. It is completed by a comparative summary. Information and insights in this book will be of great value for practicing lawyers, human resources managers, academics, interest groups and policy makers. The specific issue of monitoring and surveillance in the workplace is covered in another highly recommended book.
Publisher: Intersentia nv
ISBN: 9050953018
Category : Data protection
Languages : en
Pages : 352
Book Description
Information and knowledge have become crucial factors in modern labour markets. In this context, labour-management relations are characterised by an increasing and considerable flow of information. These developments are influenced by new management techniques, such as human resources management, in which the individual is identified as a key element in business success. Furthermore, there is the globalisation of the economy, the increase of international corporate mergers and the unfolding of the network society, which goes hand in hand with technological innovations. These developments not only multiplied the needs for information and the flow of data in employment relations, but also improved techniques of data processing revealing sensitive data of employees. This book deals with employment privacy law, a field of knowledge that increasingly gains influence in legal theory and daily practice. It concentrates on the legal regulation of general human resources data as well as sensitve data in the employment context. The book is developed within a comparative perspective, providing an overview and analysis of the Law of each Member State of the European Union in the field of study. It is completed by a comparative summary. Information and insights in this book will be of great value for practicing lawyers, human resources managers, academics, interest groups and policy makers. The specific issue of monitoring and surveillance in the workplace is covered in another highly recommended book.
The Right to Privacy in Employment
Author: Marta Otto
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1509906118
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 255
Book Description
At the beginning of the twenty-first century the term 'privacy' gained new prominence around the world, but in the legal arena it is still a concept in 'disarray'. Enclosing it within legal frameworks seems to be a particularly difficult task in the employment context, where encroachments upon privacy are not only potentially more frequent, but also, and most importantly, qualitatively different from those taking place in other areas of modern society. This book suggests that these problems can only be addressed by the development of a holistic approach to its protection, an approach that addresses the issue of not only contemporary regulation but also the conceptualization, adjudication, and common (public) perception of employees' privacy. The book draws on a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual as well as regulatory convergences and divergences between European, American and Canadian models of privacy protection, to reconsider the conceptual and normative foundations of the contemporary paradigm of employees' privacy and to elucidate the pillars of a holistic approach to the protection of right to privacy in employment.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1509906118
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 255
Book Description
At the beginning of the twenty-first century the term 'privacy' gained new prominence around the world, but in the legal arena it is still a concept in 'disarray'. Enclosing it within legal frameworks seems to be a particularly difficult task in the employment context, where encroachments upon privacy are not only potentially more frequent, but also, and most importantly, qualitatively different from those taking place in other areas of modern society. This book suggests that these problems can only be addressed by the development of a holistic approach to its protection, an approach that addresses the issue of not only contemporary regulation but also the conceptualization, adjudication, and common (public) perception of employees' privacy. The book draws on a comprehensive analysis of the conceptual as well as regulatory convergences and divergences between European, American and Canadian models of privacy protection, to reconsider the conceptual and normative foundations of the contemporary paradigm of employees' privacy and to elucidate the pillars of a holistic approach to the protection of right to privacy in employment.
European Employment Law, 2nd Edition Hb
Author: Karl Riesenhuber
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781839701511
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 1016
Book Description
European employment law is becoming increasingly important. Its impact upon domestic law of the Member States in fields such as fixed-term employment contracts, collective redundancies or industrial action, is growing. This volume therefore covers the complete scope of European employment law: its foundations in EU primary law and its various sources in EU secondary legislation, as well as the growing body of case law of the European Court of Justice.00The book begins by providing an overview of the relevant fundamental rights, fundamental freedoms and competences of the European Union in the field of employment law. A systematic presentation of the conflict of law rules in European Employment Law then follows: the Rome I and Rome II-Regulations, the Posting of Workers Directive and the Brussels Regulation on the recognition and enforcement of judgements. Subsequently, the author focuses on individual labour law which, at the EU level, is principally composed of rules on non-discrimination, the protection of safety and health and working time; rules on atypical forms of employment (part-time, fixed-term and temporary agency work) and special groups of employees (mothers, parents, young people); as well as legislation concerning employment protection in situations of collective redundancy, business transfer and insolvency. This is followed by a discussion of collective labour law issues. Particular attention is given to the European Works Council and the rules on employee involvement in the European Company, the European Cooperative Society, and the European Private Company, and to employment law rules contained in the Directive on cross-border mergers.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781839701511
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 1016
Book Description
European employment law is becoming increasingly important. Its impact upon domestic law of the Member States in fields such as fixed-term employment contracts, collective redundancies or industrial action, is growing. This volume therefore covers the complete scope of European employment law: its foundations in EU primary law and its various sources in EU secondary legislation, as well as the growing body of case law of the European Court of Justice.00The book begins by providing an overview of the relevant fundamental rights, fundamental freedoms and competences of the European Union in the field of employment law. A systematic presentation of the conflict of law rules in European Employment Law then follows: the Rome I and Rome II-Regulations, the Posting of Workers Directive and the Brussels Regulation on the recognition and enforcement of judgements. Subsequently, the author focuses on individual labour law which, at the EU level, is principally composed of rules on non-discrimination, the protection of safety and health and working time; rules on atypical forms of employment (part-time, fixed-term and temporary agency work) and special groups of employees (mothers, parents, young people); as well as legislation concerning employment protection in situations of collective redundancy, business transfer and insolvency. This is followed by a discussion of collective labour law issues. Particular attention is given to the European Works Council and the rules on employee involvement in the European Company, the European Cooperative Society, and the European Private Company, and to employment law rules contained in the Directive on cross-border mergers.
GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union
Author: Mariusz Krzysztofek
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403532718
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union Mariusz Krzysztofek Personal data protection has become one of the central issues in any understanding of the current world system. In this connection, the European Union (EU) has created the most sophisticated regime currently in force with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679. Following the GDPR’s recent reform – the most extensive since the first EU laws in this area were adopted and implemented into the legal orders of the Member States – this book offers a comprehensive discussion of all principles of personal data processing, obligations of data controllers, and rights of data subjects, providing a thorough, up-to-date account of the legal and practical aspects of personal data protection in the EU. Coverage includes the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment on data transfers and new or updated data protection authorities’ guidelines in the EU Member States. Among the broad spectrum of aspects of the subject covered are the following: – right to privacy judgments of the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights; – scope of the GDPR and its key definitions, key principles of personal data processing; – legal bases for the processing of personal data; – direct and digital marketing, cookies, and online behavioural advertising; – processing of personal data of employees; – sensitive data and criminal records; – information obligation & privacy notices; – data subjects rights; – data controller, joint controllers, and processors; – data protection by design and by default, data security measures, risk-based approach, records of personal data processing activities, notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority and communication to the data subject, data protection impact assessment, codes of conduct and certification; – Data Protection Officer; – transfers of personal data to non-EU/EEA countries; and – privacy in the Internet and surveillance age. Because the global scale and evolution of information technologies have changed the data processing environment and brought new challenges, and because many non-EU jurisdictions have adopted equivalent regimes or largely analogous regulations, the book will be of great usefulness worldwide. Multinational corporations and their customers and contractors will benefit enormously from consulting and using this book, especially in conducting case law, guidelines and best practices formulated by European data protection authorities. For lawyers and academics researching or advising clients on this area, this book provides an indispensable source of practical guidance and information for many years to come.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9403532718
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 336
Book Description
GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union Mariusz Krzysztofek Personal data protection has become one of the central issues in any understanding of the current world system. In this connection, the European Union (EU) has created the most sophisticated regime currently in force with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679. Following the GDPR’s recent reform – the most extensive since the first EU laws in this area were adopted and implemented into the legal orders of the Member States – this book offers a comprehensive discussion of all principles of personal data processing, obligations of data controllers, and rights of data subjects, providing a thorough, up-to-date account of the legal and practical aspects of personal data protection in the EU. Coverage includes the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment on data transfers and new or updated data protection authorities’ guidelines in the EU Member States. Among the broad spectrum of aspects of the subject covered are the following: – right to privacy judgments of the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights; – scope of the GDPR and its key definitions, key principles of personal data processing; – legal bases for the processing of personal data; – direct and digital marketing, cookies, and online behavioural advertising; – processing of personal data of employees; – sensitive data and criminal records; – information obligation & privacy notices; – data subjects rights; – data controller, joint controllers, and processors; – data protection by design and by default, data security measures, risk-based approach, records of personal data processing activities, notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority and communication to the data subject, data protection impact assessment, codes of conduct and certification; – Data Protection Officer; – transfers of personal data to non-EU/EEA countries; and – privacy in the Internet and surveillance age. Because the global scale and evolution of information technologies have changed the data processing environment and brought new challenges, and because many non-EU jurisdictions have adopted equivalent regimes or largely analogous regulations, the book will be of great usefulness worldwide. Multinational corporations and their customers and contractors will benefit enormously from consulting and using this book, especially in conducting case law, guidelines and best practices formulated by European data protection authorities. For lawyers and academics researching or advising clients on this area, this book provides an indispensable source of practical guidance and information for many years to come.
EC Employment Law
Author: Catherine Barnard
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199280029
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 938
Book Description
'EC Employment Law' provides a thorough and authoritative guide to EC law on employment, within a social and economic context. Extensive coverage is given of complex equality caselaw and legislation, and many issues not covered elsewhere are examined.
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 0199280029
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 938
Book Description
'EC Employment Law' provides a thorough and authoritative guide to EC law on employment, within a social and economic context. Extensive coverage is given of complex equality caselaw and legislation, and many issues not covered elsewhere are examined.
Handbook on European data protection law
Author: Council of Europe
Publisher: Council of Europe
ISBN: 9287198497
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
The rapid development of information technology has exacerbated the need for robust personal data protection, the right to which is safeguarded by both European Union (EU) and Council of Europe (CoE) instruments. Safeguarding this important right entails new and significant challenges as technological advances expand the frontiers of areas such as surveillance, communication interception and data storage. This handbook is designed to familiarise legal practitioners not specialised in data protection with this emerging area of the law. It provides an overview of the EU’s and the CoE’s applicable legal frameworks. It also explains key case law, summarising major rulings of both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. In addition, it presents hypothetical scenarios that serve as practical illustrations of the diverse issues encountered in this ever-evolving field.
Publisher: Council of Europe
ISBN: 9287198497
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 402
Book Description
The rapid development of information technology has exacerbated the need for robust personal data protection, the right to which is safeguarded by both European Union (EU) and Council of Europe (CoE) instruments. Safeguarding this important right entails new and significant challenges as technological advances expand the frontiers of areas such as surveillance, communication interception and data storage. This handbook is designed to familiarise legal practitioners not specialised in data protection with this emerging area of the law. It provides an overview of the EU’s and the CoE’s applicable legal frameworks. It also explains key case law, summarising major rulings of both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. In addition, it presents hypothetical scenarios that serve as practical illustrations of the diverse issues encountered in this ever-evolving field.
The Oxford Handbook of the Law of Work
Author:
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0192697579
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 961
Book Description
At the core of all societies and economies are human beings deploying their energies and talents in productive activities - that is, at work. The law governing human productive activity is a large part of what determines outcomes in terms of social justice, material wellbeing, and the sustainability of both. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that work is heavily regulated. This Handbook examines the 'law of work', a term that includes legislation setting employment standards, collective labour law, workplace discrimination law, the law regulating the contract of employment, and international labour law. It covers the regulation of relations between employer and employee, as well as labour unions, but also discussions on the contested boundaries and efforts to expand the scope of some laws regulating work beyond the traditional boundaries. Written by a team of experts in the field of labour law, the Handbook offers a comprehensive review and analysis, both theoretical and critical. It includes 60 chapters, divided into four parts. Part A establishes the fundamentals, including the historical development of the law of work, why it is needed, the conceptual building blocks, and the unsettled boundaries. Part B considers the core concerns of the law of work, including the contract of employment doctrines, main protections in employment legislation, the regulation of collective relations, discrimination, and human rights. Part C looks at the international and transnational dimension of the law of work. The final Part examines overarching themes, including discussion of recent developments such as gig work, online work, artificial intelligence at work, sustainable development, amongst others.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0192697579
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 961
Book Description
At the core of all societies and economies are human beings deploying their energies and talents in productive activities - that is, at work. The law governing human productive activity is a large part of what determines outcomes in terms of social justice, material wellbeing, and the sustainability of both. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that work is heavily regulated. This Handbook examines the 'law of work', a term that includes legislation setting employment standards, collective labour law, workplace discrimination law, the law regulating the contract of employment, and international labour law. It covers the regulation of relations between employer and employee, as well as labour unions, but also discussions on the contested boundaries and efforts to expand the scope of some laws regulating work beyond the traditional boundaries. Written by a team of experts in the field of labour law, the Handbook offers a comprehensive review and analysis, both theoretical and critical. It includes 60 chapters, divided into four parts. Part A establishes the fundamentals, including the historical development of the law of work, why it is needed, the conceptual building blocks, and the unsettled boundaries. Part B considers the core concerns of the law of work, including the contract of employment doctrines, main protections in employment legislation, the regulation of collective relations, discrimination, and human rights. Part C looks at the international and transnational dimension of the law of work. The final Part examines overarching themes, including discussion of recent developments such as gig work, online work, artificial intelligence at work, sustainable development, amongst others.
Handbook of Information Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities, Prevention, Detection, and Management
Author: Hossein Bidgoli
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470051213
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1154
Book Description
The Handbook of Information Security is a definitive 3-volume handbook that offers coverage of both established and cutting-edge theories and developments on information and computer security. The text contains 180 articles from over 200 leading experts, providing the benchmark resource for information security, network security, information privacy, and information warfare.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470051213
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1154
Book Description
The Handbook of Information Security is a definitive 3-volume handbook that offers coverage of both established and cutting-edge theories and developments on information and computer security. The text contains 180 articles from over 200 leading experts, providing the benchmark resource for information security, network security, information privacy, and information warfare.
Individual Labour Rights as Human Rights
Author: Elena Sychenko
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041186468
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
In recent years there has been a substantial debate over the interconnection between labour rights and human rights. Consequently, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) concerning substantive individual labour rights, or ‘rights at work’, is coming to greater prominence at the national level throughout the forty-seven Member States of the Council of Europe. This is the first book in English to provide a thorough analysis of the Court’s most recent case law – cases considered in the period from 1963 to 2016 – on fundamental employment rights such as the right to wages, protection from discrimination and unfair dismissal, the right to occupational safety at work, and civil liberties such as the freedom of association, the freedom of religion and expression, and the right to privacy. Drawing on close scrutiny of 347 cases since 1963, the author traces the evolutionary development of the Court’s positions on labour rights as human rights through case analyses, commentary, and general conclusions in each of several categorical groupings. Recent trends are treated in substantial detail. Among the issues and topics raised are the following: – interrelation of ECtHR case law and national labour rights protection; – benefits for employees of reference to ECtHR case law in national proceedings; – role of International Labour Organization conventions and of the European Social Charter in the Court’s reasoning; – application of balancing and proportionality test in relevant to labour law cases; – public criticism of employer, disclosure of information, and standards of whistle-blowers’ protection; and – positive obligations of the State in the ¬field of occupational safety and health. This book offers the most detailed and considered analysis available of how individual labour rights have been referred to in the human rights jurisprudence of the ECtHR. Given that the Court’s positions have already changed certain aspects of some national labour laws, this peerless volume will prove indispensable for practitioners and scholars monitoring the growing applicability of human rights law in matters of labour and employment, especially in the areas of protection of wages, unjust dismissal, and occupational safety.
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN: 9041186468
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 293
Book Description
In recent years there has been a substantial debate over the interconnection between labour rights and human rights. Consequently, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) concerning substantive individual labour rights, or ‘rights at work’, is coming to greater prominence at the national level throughout the forty-seven Member States of the Council of Europe. This is the first book in English to provide a thorough analysis of the Court’s most recent case law – cases considered in the period from 1963 to 2016 – on fundamental employment rights such as the right to wages, protection from discrimination and unfair dismissal, the right to occupational safety at work, and civil liberties such as the freedom of association, the freedom of religion and expression, and the right to privacy. Drawing on close scrutiny of 347 cases since 1963, the author traces the evolutionary development of the Court’s positions on labour rights as human rights through case analyses, commentary, and general conclusions in each of several categorical groupings. Recent trends are treated in substantial detail. Among the issues and topics raised are the following: – interrelation of ECtHR case law and national labour rights protection; – benefits for employees of reference to ECtHR case law in national proceedings; – role of International Labour Organization conventions and of the European Social Charter in the Court’s reasoning; – application of balancing and proportionality test in relevant to labour law cases; – public criticism of employer, disclosure of information, and standards of whistle-blowers’ protection; and – positive obligations of the State in the ¬field of occupational safety and health. This book offers the most detailed and considered analysis available of how individual labour rights have been referred to in the human rights jurisprudence of the ECtHR. Given that the Court’s positions have already changed certain aspects of some national labour laws, this peerless volume will prove indispensable for practitioners and scholars monitoring the growing applicability of human rights law in matters of labour and employment, especially in the areas of protection of wages, unjust dismissal, and occupational safety.