Effects of Expectation on Visual Object Processing in Humans PDF Download
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Author: Amrita Monica Puri
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Book Description
Author: Amrita Monica Puri
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 214
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Lior Bugatus
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Object recognition is an incredibly important process in day to day life, and is accomplished by the human visual system automatically and effortlessly. However, this process is rarely done in isolation from goal-oriented behavior (or task) performed by the subject. Though much is known about the passive processing of objects in the visual system, far less is understood in both: (1) How tasks affect known responses to objects in visual cortex, and (2) How objects are represented in regions of higher cognition such as prefrontal cortex. Chapter I provides an overview of the existing knowledge regarding object recognition and visual processing of objects, the effects of task engagement on responses in high-level visual cortex, and what is currently known on representations of objects in prefrontal cortex. The study described in chapter II examined how the information content of object classes, or category representations, in different cortical regions changed across three qualitatively different tasks. Here we find that while responses in high-level visual cortex contain robust and task-general representations of visual categories, responses in prefrontal cortex are flexible and task-dependent, supporting their respective functional roles. The study in chapter III further dives into the effects of top-down signals, as well as bottom-up signals, in finer increments and in smaller (and independently derived) of the cortical expanses explored in the first study. The findings from this study reveal a far richer functional heterogeneity in high-level visual cortex than was previously assumed, capturing a diverse set of response profiles to bottom-up and top-down manipulations, as well as their interactions. In prefrontal cortex, no areas are engaged by purely bottom-up manipulation of stimulus, and only a small subset is engaged by the on-task condition, alluding to hypothesized mechanisms of attention. Together, these results expand what is known about the effects of task in high-level visual cortex, as well as the involvement of prefrontal cortex in object processing.
Author: Glyn Humphreys
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1136766960
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 165
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Book Description
Visual agnosia is a rare but fascinating disorder of visual object recognition that can occur after a brain lesion. This book documents the case of John, who worked intensively with the authors for 26 years after acquiring visual agnosia following a stroke. It revisits John’s case over twenty years after it was originally described in the book To See But Not To See, in 1987. As in the previous book, the condition is illuminated by John and his wife, Iris, in their own words. A Case Study in Visual Agnosia Revisited discusses John’s case in the context of research into the cognitive neuroscience of vision over the past twenty years. It shows how John’s problems in recognition can provide important insights into the way that object recognition happens in the brain, with the results obtained in studies of John’s perception being compared to emerging work from brain imaging in normal observers. The book presents a much fuller analysis of the variety of perceptual problems that John experienced, detailing not only his impaired object recognition but also his face processing, his processing of different visual features (colour, motion, depth), his ability to act on and negotiate his environment, and his reading and writing. A Case Study in Visual Agnosia Revisited will be a key reference for those concerned with understanding how vision is implemented in the brain. It will be suitable for both undergraduate students taking courses in cognitive psychology and neuropsychology, and also researchers in the cognitive neuroscience of vision. The presentation of John’s case, and the human aspects of the disorder, will also be of great interest to a general audience of lay people interested in perception.
Author: Gabor Stefanics
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889195600
Category : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Current theories of visual change detection emphasize the importance of conscious attention to detect unexpected changes in the visual environment. However, an increasing body of studies shows that the human brain is capable of detecting even small visual changes, especially if such changes violate non-conscious probabilistic expectations based on repeating experiences. In other words, our brain automatically represents statistical regularities of our visual environmental. Since the discovery of the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) component, the majority of research in the field has focused on auditory deviance detection. Such automatic change detection mechanisms operate in the visual modality too, as indicated by the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) brain potential to rare changes. VMMN is typically elicited by stimuli with infrequent (deviant) features embedded in a stream of frequent (standard) stimuli, outside the focus of attention. In this research topic we aim to present vMMN as a prediction error signal. Predictive coding theories account for phenomena such as mismatch negativity and repetition suppression, and place them in a broader context of a general theory of cortical responses. A wide range of vMMN studies has been presented in this Research Topic. Twelve articles address roughly four general sub-themes including attention, language, face processing, and psychiatric disorders. Additionally, four articles focused on particular subjects such as the oblique effect, object formation, and development and time-frequency analysis of vMMN. Furthermore, a review paper presented vMMN in a hierarchical predictive coding framework. Each paper in this Research Topic is a valuable contribution to the field of automatic visual change detection and deepens our understanding of the short term plasticity underlying predictive processes of visual perceptual learning.
Author: Morton A. Heller
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1135619301
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 395
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Book Description
Research on touch and blindness has undergone rapid transformation in recent years, with dramatic developments in technology designed to provide assistance to those who are blind, and advancements in robotics that demand haptic interfaces. Touch and Blindness approaches the study of the topic from the perspectives of psychological methodology and the most sophisticated, state-of-the-art techniques in neuroscience. This book, edited by well-known leaders in the field, is derived from the discussions presented by speakers at a conference held in 2002, and presents current research in the field. The book is arranged in a logical, disciplinary fashion, first discussing touch and blindness from a psychological perspective, followed by an examination from the perspective of neuroscience. Some specific topics include: *processing spatial information from touch and movement; *form, projection, and pictures for the blind; *neural substrate and visual and tactile object representations; and *the role of visual cortex in tactile processing. Touch and Blindness is ideal for researchers in psychology and neuroscience, medicine, and special education.
Author: Isabel Gauthier
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190294906
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 416
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Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive survey of perceptual expertise in visual object recognition, and introduces a novel collaborative model, codified as the "Perceptual Expertise Network" (PEN). This unique group effort is focused on delineating the domain-general principles of high-level visual learning that can account for how different object categories are processed and come to be associated with spatially localized activity in the primate brain. PEN's approach brings together different traditions and techniques to address questions such as how expertise develops, whether there are different kinds of experts, whether some disorders such as autism or prosopagnosia can be understood as a lack or loss of expertise, and how conceptual and perceptual information interact when experts recognize and categorize objects. The research and results that have been generated by these questions are presented here, along with a variety of other questions, background information, and extant issues that have emerged from recent studies, making this book a complete overview on the topic.
Author: Laurent Itti
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080454313
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 757
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Book Description
A key property of neural processing in higher mammals is the ability to focus resources by selectively directing attention to relevant perceptions, thoughts or actions. Research into attention has grown rapidly over the past two decades, as new techniques have become available to study higher brain function in humans, non-human primates, and other mammals. Neurobiology of Attention is the first encyclopedic volume to summarize the latest developments in attention research.An authoritative collection of over 100 chapters organized into thematic sections provides both broad coverage and access to focused, up-to-date research findings. This book presents a state-of-the-art multidisciplinary perspective on psychological, physiological and computational approaches to understanding the neurobiology of attention. Ideal for students, as a reference handbook or for rapid browsing, the book has a wide appeal to anybody interested in attention research. * Contains numerous quick-reference articles covering the breadth of investigation into the subject of attention* Provides extensive introductory commentary to orient and guide the reader* Includes the most recent research results in this field of study
Author: Marc D. Binder
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783540237358
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 4398
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Book Description
This 5000-page masterwork is literally the last word on the topic and will be an essential resource for many. Unique in its breadth and detail, this encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and highly readable guide to a complex and fast-expanding field. The five-volume reference work gathers more than 10,000 entries, including in-depth essays by internationally known experts, and short keynotes explaining essential terms and phrases. In addition, expert editors contribute detailed introductory chapters to each of 43 topic fields ranging from the fundamentals of neuroscience to fascinating developments in the new, inter-disciplinary fields of Computational Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy. Some 1,000 multi-color illustrations enhance and expand the writings.
Author: David C. Knill
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316582523
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 530
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Book Description
Bayesian probability theory has emerged not only as a powerful tool for building computational theories of vision, but also as a general paradigm for studying human visual perception. This 1996 book provides an introduction to and critical analysis of the Bayesian paradigm. Leading researchers in computer vision and experimental vision science describe general theoretical frameworks for modelling vision, detailed applications to specific problems and implications for experimental studies of human perception. The book provides a dialogue between different perspectives both within chapters, which draw on insights from experimental and computational work, and between chapters, through commentaries written by the contributors on each others' work. Students and researchers in cognitive and visual science will find much to interest them in this thought-provoking collection.
Author: David Robson
Publisher: Henry Holt and Company
ISBN: 1250827647
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 237
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Book Description
“As David Robson makes plain in this compelling book, the way we think about the world can profoundly shape how we navigate it. Based in science and packed with smart advice, The Expectation Effect will expand your mind—and maybe even extend your life.” —Daniel Pink, New York Times bestselling author of When, Drive, and To Sell Is Human A journey through the cutting-edge science of how our mindset shapes every facet of our lives, revealing how your brain holds the keys to unlocking a better you What you believe can make it so. You’ve heard of the placebo effect and how sugar pills can accelerate healing. But did you know that sham heart surgeries often work just as well as placing real stents? Or that people who think they’re particularly prone to cardiovascular disease are four times as likely to die from cardiac arrest? Such is the power and deadly importance of the expectation effect—how what we think will happen changes what does happen. Melding neuroscience with narrative, science journalist David Robson takes readers on a deep dive into the many life zones the expectation effect permeates. We see how people who believe stress is beneficial become more creative when placed under strain. We see how associating aging with wisdom can add seven plus years to your life. People say seeing is believing but, over and over, Robson proves that the converse is truer: believing is seeing. The Expectation Effect is not woo-woo. You cannot think your way into a pile of money or out of a cancer diagnosis. But just because magical thinking is nonsense doesn’t mean rational magic doesn’t exist. Pointing to accepted psychology and objective physiology, Robson gives us the practical takeaways we need to improve our fitness, productivity, intelligence, and happiness. Any reader who wants to take their fate into their own hands need only pick up this book.
