Effect of PH and Oxygen on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel in Reactor Moderator Service PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 15
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Book Description
Intergranular cracking of Type 304 stainless steel outlet nozzles in reactor moderator service prompted a broad program of laboratory studies to determine the cause of the failures. It was demonstrated that sensitized and pickled Type 304 stainless steel is extremely susceptible to both intergranular and transgranular chloride stress corrosion cracking in hot water of pH 4.5 to 5.0 which contains as little as 2 ppM chloride ion. Although the chloride content of moderator is only about 0.01--0.03 ppM, it was concluded that chloride concentrations sufficient to cause cracking occurred on the nozzle surfaces, either very gradually or as a result of a system change. This conclusion was substantiated later when chlorides were shown to be concentrated in a film of aluminum oxide (from fuel cladding corrosion) deposited on the moderator side of a failed nozzle. Circumstantial evidence suggested that initiation of moderator pH (pD) control with nitric acid and oxygen caused or contributed to cracking of the nozzles. Therefore, in recent laboratory work the effects of pH and oxygen concentration on cracking of sensitized and pickled Type 304 stainless steel were investigated. The effects of nitrate and sulfate ion concentrations were also investigated. Results of these laboratory investigations are summarized in this report. Changes in the moderator system caused by pD control and the possible effects on cracking are also discussed. 7 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 15
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Book Description
Intergranular cracking of Type 304 stainless steel outlet nozzles in reactor moderator service prompted a broad program of laboratory studies to determine the cause of the failures. It was demonstrated that sensitized and pickled Type 304 stainless steel is extremely susceptible to both intergranular and transgranular chloride stress corrosion cracking in hot water of pH 4.5 to 5.0 which contains as little as 2 ppM chloride ion. Although the chloride content of moderator is only about 0.01--0.03 ppM, it was concluded that chloride concentrations sufficient to cause cracking occurred on the nozzle surfaces, either very gradually or as a result of a system change. This conclusion was substantiated later when chlorides were shown to be concentrated in a film of aluminum oxide (from fuel cladding corrosion) deposited on the moderator side of a failed nozzle. Circumstantial evidence suggested that initiation of moderator pH (pD) control with nitric acid and oxygen caused or contributed to cracking of the nozzles. Therefore, in recent laboratory work the effects of pH and oxygen concentration on cracking of sensitized and pickled Type 304 stainless steel were investigated. The effects of nitrate and sulfate ion concentrations were also investigated. Results of these laboratory investigations are summarized in this report. Changes in the moderator system caused by pD control and the possible effects on cracking are also discussed. 7 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 752
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Author: Robert S. Ondrejcin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nuclear reactors
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
Author: M. C. Rowland
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Steel
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Book Description
Author: Raymond P. Jackson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Stainless steel
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
Author: Myra S. Feldman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Stainless steel
Languages : en
Pages : 72
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Book Description
Author: V S Raja
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857093762
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 817
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Book Description
The problem of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which causes sudden failure of metals and other materials subjected to stress in corrosive environment(s), has a significant impact on a number of sectors including the oil and gas industries and nuclear power production. Stress corrosion cracking reviews the fundamentals of the phenomenon as well as examining stress corrosion behaviour in specific materials and particular industries. The book is divided into four parts. Part one covers the mechanisms of SCC and hydrogen embrittlement, while the focus of part two is on methods of testing for SCC in metals. Chapters in part three each review the phenomenon with reference to a specific material, with a variety of metals, alloys and composites discussed, including steels, titanium alloys and polymer composites. In part four, the effect of SCC in various industries is examined, with chapters covering subjects such as aerospace engineering, nuclear reactors, utilities and pipelines. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Stress corrosion cracking is an essential reference for engineers and designers working with metals, alloys and polymers, and will be an invaluable tool for any industries in which metallic components are exposed to tension, corrosive environments at ambient and high temperatures. Examines the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) presenting recognising testing methods and materials resistant to SCC Assesses the effect of SCC on particular metals featuring steel, stainless steel, nickel-based alloys, magnesium alloys, copper-based alloys and welds in steels Reviews the monitoring and management of SCC and the affect of SCC in different industries such as petrochemical and aerospace
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The influence of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen and dilute sulfuric acid in 289°C water on the stress-corrosion-cracking susceptibility of lightly and moderately sensitized Type 304 stainless steel was determined in constant-extension-rate tensile (CERT) tests. The CERT parameters and the fracture surface morphologies were correlated with the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and sulfate, and the electrochemical potentials of platinum and Type 304 stainless steel electrodes in simulated boiling-water reactor (BWR) environments. A particularly high susceptibility to intergranular cracking was found for the steel in the lightly sensitized condition at oxygen concentrations between approx. 0.05 and 0.2 ppM under slightly acidic conditions (pH approx. 6.0 at 25°C), which may, in part, account for the pervasive nature of intergranular cracking in BWR piping systems. Scanning-transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed significant differences between samples in the lightly and the moderately sensitized condition with respect to the width, but not the depth, of the chromium-depleted region at the grain boundaries. The addition of 0.5 ppM hydrogen to the water had only a small mitigating effect on intergranular cracking in water containing oxygen and sulfuric acid at low concentrations; however, oxygen suppression to less than or equal to 0.05 ppM in the reactor-coolant water, by means of hydrogen additions to the feedwater, would be quite beneficial provided impurities are also maintained at very low levels.
Author: G. G. Gaul
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Stainless steel
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
Author: C. J. Slunder
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Corrosion and anti-corrosives
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
