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Author: Keji Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Valuation
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Abstract: Accounting valuation models have been widely studied by researchers and commonly used by practitioners. Almost all the accounting valuation models require earnings as one of the inputs (or the only input). However, one question has not been addressed: whether earnings of a longer interval or earnings of a shorter interval should be used in the valuation models. The fact that earnings can be aggregated over time and this intertemporal aggregated earnings contains fewer measurement errors is intrinsic to accounting. Although earnings aggregation is intrinsic to accounting, it has received little attention by researchers when using accounting valuation models to estimate variables of interest. Also, although there are few studies that examine the effect of earnings aggregation, these studies focus mainly on the contemporaneous explanatory power of earnings for returns. Therefore, the effect of earnings aggregation on inferring prices via accounting valuation models remains unclear, and simply aggregating earnings over a longer interval may potentially improve the estimates from the valuation models. Despite the fact that the results for the cross-sectional sample may not be encouraging, the results for the sub-samples support the expectation that earnings aggregation improves the ability of the valuation model to infer prices for some types of firms. For firms with negative earnings and for small firms, using aggregated earnings of a longer interval in the valuation model generally generates smaller errors in inferring prices than using annual earnings, and the differences between the errors can be significant. These results contribute to the understanding of the fundamental accounting attribute of earnings aggregation. More specifically, this study contributes to the valuation research insofar as the results show that it is beneficial to aggregate earnings over a longer interval when applying accounting valuation models for some specific types of firms.
Author: Keji Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Valuation
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Abstract: Accounting valuation models have been widely studied by researchers and commonly used by practitioners. Almost all the accounting valuation models require earnings as one of the inputs (or the only input). However, one question has not been addressed: whether earnings of a longer interval or earnings of a shorter interval should be used in the valuation models. The fact that earnings can be aggregated over time and this intertemporal aggregated earnings contains fewer measurement errors is intrinsic to accounting. Although earnings aggregation is intrinsic to accounting, it has received little attention by researchers when using accounting valuation models to estimate variables of interest. Also, although there are few studies that examine the effect of earnings aggregation, these studies focus mainly on the contemporaneous explanatory power of earnings for returns. Therefore, the effect of earnings aggregation on inferring prices via accounting valuation models remains unclear, and simply aggregating earnings over a longer interval may potentially improve the estimates from the valuation models. Despite the fact that the results for the cross-sectional sample may not be encouraging, the results for the sub-samples support the expectation that earnings aggregation improves the ability of the valuation model to infer prices for some types of firms. For firms with negative earnings and for small firms, using aggregated earnings of a longer interval in the valuation model generally generates smaller errors in inferring prices than using annual earnings, and the differences between the errors can be significant. These results contribute to the understanding of the fundamental accounting attribute of earnings aggregation. More specifically, this study contributes to the valuation research insofar as the results show that it is beneficial to aggregate earnings over a longer interval when applying accounting valuation models for some specific types of firms.
Author: Eli Amir
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This paper clarifies some of the conflicting arguments about the value relevance of deferred taxes. We address two questions. First, does accounting aggregation hold, or in other words, are deferred tax expense and liability balances valued the same as operating earnings and asset balances, respectively? Second, what accounting method for deferred taxes preserves classical accounting relations, or should deferred taxes be recorded as equity, as debt, or as some combination of these categories? We answer these questions using a model of depreciable assets and cashflow dynamics identical to Feltham and Ohlson (1996). In this setting, we find that aggregation does not hold; rather deferred taxes are valued less than earnings and book value. Deferred taxes add value because they represent the deferral of tax payments, so their value is the net present value of the tax benefits. We interpret this result to mean that the timing of the reversal of temporary differences does matter, consistent with recent empirical work. Our analysis shows that the deferred tax liability, as currently recorded in accordance with US GAAP, overstates the liability. In answer to the second question, we find that the classical accounting relations hold only when deferred taxes are adjusted to their net present value. Further, the extent of this adjustment depends on whether or not the tax benefits are capitalized into the cost of the operating asset. If the benefits are reflected in the assets cost, deferred taxes should be adjusted down based on the ratio of the discount rate over the sum of the tax depreciation and discount rates. Otherwise, the entire balance should be treated as equity.
Author: Peter Douglas Easton
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780646086972
Category : Stocks
Languages : en
Pages : 31
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Book Description
Author: Kenton K. Yee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 47
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Book Description
The concept of residual income has become popular in recent years due, in part, to the Ohlson 1995 article on residual income valuation. Since Ohlson assumed clean surplus accounting in that article, the concept of residual income and clean surplus accounting have become intimately linked in the literature. But is clean surplus accounting necessary for residual income valuation? Is there a formulation of residual income valuation that holds even when accounting violates the clean surplus relation? Yes. This article shows that accounting-based valuation builds naturally from a set of accounting-based quot;primitive differencequot; variables, not from the clean surplus relation. The primitive difference variables extend the notion of residual income. Using the primitive difference variables, this article specifies how value functions may be nonlinear in earnings and book value in settings with limited liability, accounting conservatism, or real options and still be dividend irrelevant.
Author: Panos N. Patatoukas
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 45
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Book Description
How much news is there in aggregate accounting earnings? I provide evidence that earnings changes at the stock market level are correlated with new information about not only expected future cash flows but also discount rates. A comprehensive investigation of the link to discount rates reveals that aggregate earnings changes are tied to news about all components of the expected future stock market return, i.e., the real riskless rate, expected inflation, and the expected equity risk premium. Over the sample period studied, cash flow news and discount rate news in aggregate earnings changes covary positively and have offsetting impacts on stock market prices. As a result, stock market prices appear to be insensitive to aggregate earnings changes. The findings highlight the importance of separating cash flow news from discount rate news when evaluating the information content of accounting earnings at the stock market level. Overall, my study sheds new light on the informativeness and relevance of accounting earnings for valuation at the stock market level.
Author: Peter F. Pope
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 35
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Book Description
In this paper we address three issues in accounting-based equity valuation: (i) How are valuation parameters related to earnings persistence and accounting conservatism when earnings components aggregate, or add up, in valuation? (ii) What does aggregation of earnings components in valuation imply for abnormal earnings dynamics? and (iii) When is an earnings component irrelevant and core earnings the relevant construct for valuation? Assuming linear valuation, no-arbitrage, dividend irrelevance and clean surplus accounting, we show that when earnings components aggregate, valuation expressions and abnormal earnings dynamics are generalizations of the Ohlson (1995) model, incorporating simple adjustments for accounting conservatism. When core earnings is the relevant earnings construct, valuation expressions closely resemble the aggregation case, but core (abnormal) earnings replaces clean surplus (abnormal) earnings. We demonstrate that an earnings component can be irrelevant in valuation even when it is predictable.
Author: John Jacob
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 69
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Book Description
Quarterly earnings allow aggregation into annual earnings in four different ways. Fiscal year reported earnings is one of these four possible measures of annual earnings, the others being earnings for years ending at the first, second and third fiscal quarters. We provide evidence on earnings management in fiscal year earnings relative to these three alternative measures of firms' annual earnings. We confirm prior findings in Burgstahler and Dichev (1997) of discontinuities around zero and around prior year earnings in histograms of fiscal year earnings. Subsequent research questions whether these discontinuities are evidence of earnings management or whether they are attributable to biases induced by taxes, scaling and sample selection. Using the histograms of our alternative annual earnings measures, we offer additional evidence in this debate. We also find evidence of earnings management in broader intervals around thresholds. We believe that our research design is better suited to test for earnings management in these broader intervals than those used in prior studies. We also compare the statistical properties of fiscal year earnings to annual earnings starting with the fiscal year quarters two, three and four. We find that the variance and kurtosis of earnings are higher for fiscal year earnings while skewness of earnings is lower at the fiscal year. These results are more consistent with earnings management than with the effects induced by 'settling up' in fourth quarter earnings. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on the prevalence, effects of and factors associated with earnings management.
Author: Peter O. Christensen
Publisher: Now Publishers Inc
ISBN: 1601982720
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 127
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Book Description
We review and critically examine the standard approach to equity valuation using a constant risk-adjusted cost of capital, and we develop a new valuation approach discounting risk-adjusted fundamentals, such as expected free cash flows and residual operating income, using nominal zero-coupon interest rates. We show that standard estimates of the cost of capital, based on historical stock returns, are likely to be a significantly biased measure of the firm's cost of capital, but also that the bias is almost impossible to quantify empirically. The new approach recognizes that, in practice, interest rates, expected equity returns, and inflation rates are all stochastic. We explicitly characterize the risk-adjustments to the fundamentals in an equilibrium setting. We show how the term structure of risk-adjustments depends on both the time-series properties of the free cash flows and the accounting policy. Growth, persistence, and mean reversion of residual operating income created by competition in the product markets or by the accounting policy are key determinants of the term structure of risk-adjustments.
Author: Pengguo Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 49
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Book Description
This paper compares and contrasts two accounting information systems, the aggregate earnings system and the disaggregated cash flow/accrual system, examining their relative performance in stock valuation and in forecasting of earnings. It finds, in general, that the forecasts of earnings and predicted market values from the cash flow and accrual system have smaller forecasting errors than those from the aggregate earnings system. The adjusted R-squareds from the disaggregated system are in the main higher than those from the aggregated system when considering the explanatory power of the model-predicted values. The results also show that the cash flow and accrual system forecasts dominate the aggregate earnings system forecasts in a large majority of industries.
Author: Emmanuel O. Kumah
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451873891
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 75
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Book Description
This paper analyzes the seven valuation methods for unlisted direct investment equity included in the recently adopted IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition (BPM6). Based on publicly available Danish data, we test the three methods that are generally applicable and find that the choice of valuation method and estimation technique can have a highly significant impact on the international investment position, pointing to the need for further harmonization. The results show that the price-to-book value method generates more robust market value estimates than the price-to-earnings method. This finding suggests that the valuation basis for the forthcoming Coordinated Direct Investment Survey - own funds at book value -will provide useful information for compiling the international investment position.
