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Author: A Amarender A. Reddy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Given the slow structural transformation of employment in rural areas in India, this paper tries to probe into the structural transformation in semi-arid tropics of India, by using high frequency longitudinal panel data from 1975 to 2010. The results show that, up to early 1980s, structural transformation was very slow and most of the workers dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Most of the workers are spent more days in self-employment in agriculture with very few days in paid work. Both men and women have more leisure time during the 1970s compared to early 2000s. However, from 2001 onwards, there has been an increase in non-farm employment opportunities in both self-employment and also paid work mostly for rural male, but most of the rural women remained in farm sector. Results also shows that even though education improves chances of getting higher remunerative employment, still rural labour markets are segmented based on social groups to some extent. The high unemployment among educated youth indicates that the skills acquired by the educational system are not meeting the needs of the rural economy. However, many parents are investing heavily in children's education with the expectation of getting higher paid urban jobs. Over the period, gender and caste differences in wage rates decreased slightly, but are not eliminated wholly. Men work days are more than women work days per year, however If we take domestic work into consideration women work more days than men. Attached labourer are almost eliminated with the implementation of bonded labour abolition act and most of them shifted to different occupations including cultivation or casual agricultural labourer or took up petty businesses. There is significant increase in farm mechanisation in recent years due to scarcity of labour and higher wage rates. The results also show that the real wage rates started increasing much before the introduction of a major employment guarantee program (MGNREGA) and mostly driven by increased non-farm employment opportunities, rural-urban linkages, migration and increased agricultural productivity.
Author: A Amarender A. Reddy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Given the slow structural transformation of employment in rural areas in India, this paper tries to probe into the structural transformation in semi-arid tropics of India, by using high frequency longitudinal panel data from 1975 to 2010. The results show that, up to early 1980s, structural transformation was very slow and most of the workers dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Most of the workers are spent more days in self-employment in agriculture with very few days in paid work. Both men and women have more leisure time during the 1970s compared to early 2000s. However, from 2001 onwards, there has been an increase in non-farm employment opportunities in both self-employment and also paid work mostly for rural male, but most of the rural women remained in farm sector. Results also shows that even though education improves chances of getting higher remunerative employment, still rural labour markets are segmented based on social groups to some extent. The high unemployment among educated youth indicates that the skills acquired by the educational system are not meeting the needs of the rural economy. However, many parents are investing heavily in children's education with the expectation of getting higher paid urban jobs. Over the period, gender and caste differences in wage rates decreased slightly, but are not eliminated wholly. Men work days are more than women work days per year, however If we take domestic work into consideration women work more days than men. Attached labourer are almost eliminated with the implementation of bonded labour abolition act and most of them shifted to different occupations including cultivation or casual agricultural labourer or took up petty businesses. There is significant increase in farm mechanisation in recent years due to scarcity of labour and higher wage rates. The results also show that the real wage rates started increasing much before the introduction of a major employment guarantee program (MGNREGA) and mostly driven by increased non-farm employment opportunities, rural-urban linkages, migration and increased agricultural productivity.
Author: Ida J. Terluin
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 9780851999616
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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Book Description
Annotation. In many European countries, there has been a decline in the agricultural labour force, providing a major challenge for the rural economy and society. This book provides an analysis of rural employment dynamics in European Union (EU) member states.
Author: D. Narasimha Reddy
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811056285
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 367
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Book Description
This book examines essential issues and perspectives on rural labour, helping readers understand the changes that are currently taking place in the labour markets, especially with regard to migrants from rural to urban areas, their socio-economic conditions, factors contributing to such mobility and associated problems. Further, it addresses the question of why the socio-economic conditions of rural labour have not experienced measurable improvements. Presenting a collection of painstakingly researched essays that focus on both India and China, the book addresses these challenges with an explicit focus on safeguarding the interests of rural labour under the neoliberal dispensation. The research is based on primary survey data and analytical issues from selected Asian economies, especially from India. On the basis of the findings discussed, it subsequently suggests ways forward so as to improve the wellbeing of migrant households and put an end to distress migration. Lastly, the book convincingly argues that improving labour market outcomes, and more specifically, generating employment and providing alternative livelihood avenues, represents the most pressing challenge in rural areas.
Author: Sridhar Krishna
Publisher:
ISBN: 9788131414323
Category : Agricultural laborers
Languages : en
Pages : 235
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Book Description
Employment generation is possible in the rural areas only through access to land but rural labor markets all over the world are having a transformation where there has been a diversification of employment opportunities with non-farm employment having gai
Author: Carlos Oya
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317562917
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 387
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Book Description
There is a striking scarcity of work conducted on rural labour markets in the developing world, particularly in Africa. This book aims to fill this gap by bringing together a group of contributors who boast substantial field experience researching rural wage employment in various developing countries. It provides critical perspectives on mainstream approaches to rural/agrarian development, and analysis of agrarian change and rural transformations from a long-term perspective. This book challenges the notion that rural areas in low- and middle-income countries are dominated by self-employment. It purports that this conventional view is largely due to the application of conceptual frameworks and statistical conventions that are ill-equipped to capture labour market participation. The contributions in this book offer a variety of methodological lessons for the study of rural labour markets, focusing in particular on the use of mixed methods in micro-level field research, and more emphasis on capturing occupation multiplicity. The emphasis on context, history, and specific configurations of power relations affecting rural labour market outcomes are key and reoccurring features of this book. This analysis will help readers think about policy options to improve the quantity and quality of rural wage employment, their impact on the poorest rural people, and their political feasibility in each context.
Author: Kappadath Parameswara Menon Kannan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Book Description
Author: A. Vandeman
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 9781845933371
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
Hired seasonal labour forms a significant part of the agricultural workforce in many countries. Key topics covered in this book include: changes in the hired farm workforce; area studies, and community impacts and responses; and the need for community services.
Author: Balwant Singh Mehta
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811390576
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
This book addresses women’s changing role in and contributions to the Indian labour market. It explores how feminist theories and frameworks have changed over time and gradually been supplanted by new ones. The book explores the structural shift in women’s employment from farm to non-farm jobs in services and industries, both theoretically and empirically. Further, it examines the steady rise of women in high skilled or ‘new economy’ sectors like information and communication technology, electronics and telecom; and in low skilled work such as domestic work, particularly in urban areas. It also scrutinizes how emerging sectors of the economy are experimenting with new forms of employment by changing the temporal (part-time work, flexible hours), spatial (location of work) and contractual (temporary contracts) dimensions. Beyond analysing the above-mentioned aspects, the book discusses perennial challenges such as patriarchy, socio-cultural norms and gender-based labour market inequalities across occupations as a ‘glass ceiling’ or ‘sticky floor’. One of the book’s most important contributions is inclusion of detailed labour market statistics for women, with long-term trends and patterns, as well as comparisons with other countries and regions. In closing, the book highlights women’s participation in economic and non-economic activities and related quantification issues, i.e. the invisibility of women’s work, which remains a highly contentious aspect. Given its content, the book offers a valuable asset for a broad readership including academics, NGOs, and policymakers. “The subject of low work participation rates for women has been of concern to economists, gender specialists and policy makers for decades. This book makes an important contribution in understanding the role of women in development and identifies some new policy directions that could be initiated to facilitate greater employment of women.” - Rohini Nayyar, Former Principal Adviser, Yojana Aayog, Government of India “This book is timely and extremely relevant to the academic and policy debates in India. Given the puzzle of low and declining female labour force participation, it is critical to focus on where women work, beyond a supply-side perspective. In addition, efforts are needed to better measure women’s work, which is typically underreported. In both these dimensions, this book makes an important contribution, which will be valuable for both academics and policymakers.” - Sher Verick, Employment Policy and Analysis Programme (EPAP) of the International Training Centre (ITC), International Labour Organization “This book critically examines both theoretically and empirically the dynamics of changes in women’s participation in and contribution to the fast-transforming Indian labour market. The aspects covered include the essential issue of how the new forms of employment are impacting temporal, spatial and contractual dimensions. An excellent and compulsory read for academicians and policy-makers involved in gender as well as labour economics.” - Ritu Dewan, Former President, Indian Association for Women's Studies; Former Director & Professor, Dept. of Economics, University of Mumbai “The book is a required addition to the exiting literature on women’s work and employment for its comprehensive and distinctive approach. It is a unique blend of macro and micro level perspectives and issues capturing statistics.” - Neetha N., Acting Director & Professor, Centre for Women’s Development Studies (CWDS), New Delhi
Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Publisher: OECD
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
This report, compiled with the assistance of Statistics Canada, shows that agriculture is no longer the dominant sector providing employment for rural populations in OECD countries. Today, in all member nations, the vast majority of rural employment opportunities are in non-agricultural activities. Even in the predominantly rural regions, less than a quarter of the total employment is in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. At least every second job is in the service sector, and in some countries, the proportion is even higher. Employment growth in the predominantly rural regions has been primarily, if not exclusively, due to substantial increases in service sector employment. Between 1980 and 1990, employment in this sector grew 15% to 25% in those regions. In most countries, this was often better than the national average in developing new employment opportunities. In many countries, such as Canada and Norway, a significant number of rural regions did better than the national average in developing new employment opportunities. So, being rural is not a handicap to job creation. On the contrary, some rural regions are the most innovative and dynamic elements of a country.
Author: Jytte Agergaard
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135256985
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 254
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Book Description
It has increasingly been recognised that rural and urban areas are inextricably interlinked. This book adopts a fresh approach to the issue of rural-urban dynamics through a study of the changing nature of livelihoods, mobility and markets in ten study sites across four countries of Africa and Asia. Building on detailed fieldwork conducted in Ghana, Tanzania, Vietnam and Thailand, the authors explore how settlements and livelihoods are being transformed as long-term inhabitants and recent migrants embrace new economic activities many of which are linked to global markets. The book is structured around the concept of ‘frontier’ which is conceptualized as being a dynamic space where the forces of economic, demographic and social change are brought to bear. The study sites include agricultural frontiers (coffee, cocoa, pineapples and fresh fruit), handicraft and manufacturing frontiers, and mining frontiers (gold and diamonds). In all of the cases, global value chain dynamics have played a pivotal role in shaping local livelihoods. Some settlements are developing into new urban centres whilst others are suffering from a boom and bust experience due to the unreliability of export markets. The similarities and differences between the frontier settlements are drawn out by comparing frontiers of similar types and by highlighting the theoretical and policy implications of the findings from all the frontier types. The originality of the book lies in its combination of conceptual clarity, methodological coherence and empirical richness. By combining detailed empirical findings with theoretical insight from debates on livelihoods, global value chains, mobility patterns, settlement dynamics and rural-urban relations, the book sheds new light on these issues within an overall framework of development trajectories in Africa and Asia. Given scholars’ and international agencies’ current interest in the spatial dimensions of economic development, this contribution is particularly timely with its fresh geographical approach to development issues; this book is a pertinent and authoritative read for anyone researching or learning in the field of development.
