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Author:
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Category :
Languages : de
Pages :
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Book Description
Bacteria are key players in nutrient cycles and energy transduction in soil. Although soil bacterial communities have been studied for several decades, our knowledge on their structure, dynamics ecosystem function is still limited. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the understanding of these communities. In the first two studies, the impact of fertilizer treatment, two distinct aspen demes, soil properties (pH, water content, and C/N ratio), and sampling time on the total (DNA level) and the metabolic active (RNA level) bacterial community was analyzed. Thus, soil samples were col...
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : de
Pages :
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Book Description
Bacteria are key players in nutrient cycles and energy transduction in soil. Although soil bacterial communities have been studied for several decades, our knowledge on their structure, dynamics ecosystem function is still limited. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the understanding of these communities. In the first two studies, the impact of fertilizer treatment, two distinct aspen demes, soil properties (pH, water content, and C/N ratio), and sampling time on the total (DNA level) and the metabolic active (RNA level) bacterial community was analyzed. Thus, soil samples were col...
Author: Carmine Crecchio
Publisher: MDPI
ISBN: 3039437437
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
The book contains research articles and reviews recently published online for the MDPI journal Diversity, in the Special Issue "Genetic diversity of soil bacterial communities". The issue aimed to collect up to date information from the international scientific community to get insight in the "black box", as soil has been defined in the last decades, focusing in detail on the role that the microbial communities have in soil processes such as carbon and nutrient fluxes and on their genetic and functional diversity. The book meets the interests of scientific communities directly involved in the topics investigated, as well as of PhD students, scholars, professional organizations interested in improving their knowledge on a group of organisms considered vitally important to the maintenance and sustainability of the biosphere, where soil has a key role as an important natural resource.
Author: Lynette K. Abbott
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402066198
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 267
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Book Description
It is becoming more relevant to explore soil biological processes in terms of their contribution to soil fertility. This book presents a comprehensive scientific overview of the components and processes that underpin the biological characteristics of soil fertility. It highlights the enormous diversity of life in soil and the resulting effects that management of land can have on the contribution of this diverse community to soil fertility in an agricultural context.
Author: Lori K. Schwab-Uchanski
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Arid soils
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Functional diversity of the soil microbial community is commonly used to describe soil health. Microenvironment heterogeneity in environmental stresses, including anthropogenic-included heterogeneity, may induce reversible or irreversible changes in genetic and functional diversity. Functional redundancy in a microbial population may mitigate variability in genetic diversity. Thus, it is unclear at what point human activity may affect functionality of soil microbial consortia and how this may relate to changes in microbial population diversity. I evaluated the impact of anthropogenic environmental impacts associated with extensive grazing and natural gas extraction, common in the arid Southwestern United States, on the total microbial diversity profiles and the total soil catabolic profiles as described by carbon substrate induced respiration. Total bacterial diversity was evaluated by 16S-based tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) modified to use the Titanium sequencing platform. Substrate induced respiration, measured using the Microresp[trademark symbol] system, was evaluated for various relevant carbon sources (simple and polymeric sugars, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and fatty acids). Results indicate that under the tested scenarios cyanobacteria and some microfungal communities are nearly eliminated; the diversity of the other bacterial taxa was similar across disturbance regimes, indicating bacterial resilience and persistence in arid soils. Microbial activity was greatest and most variable in sites exposed to disturbance (grazing, natural gas extraction) suggesting that higher functional diversity is a population level adaptation to the disturbance.
Author: Heribert Insam
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642606946
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 273
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Research on decomposer communities of terrestrial ecosystems for a long time has focussed on microbial biomass and gross turnover parameters. Recently, more and more attempts are made to look beyond the biomass, and more specifically determine functions and populations on a smaller scale-in time and space. A multitude of techniques is being improved and developed. Garland and Mills (1991) triggered a series of publications on substrate utilization tests in the field of microbial ecology. Despite several promising results for different applications in different laboratories, many problems concerning the assay and the interpretation of results became evident. After individual discussions on the approach with colleagues from various laboratories we started to plan a workshop on the matter. The response on our first circular was extraordinary, and instead of a small workshop it became a meeting with almost 150 participants. The meeting was named 'Substrate use for characterization of microbial communities in terrestrial ecosystems' (SUBMECO) and was held in Innsbruck, Austria, from Oct. 16-18, 1996. The very focussed scope attracted enthusiastic advocates of the approach, and also serious critics. Some of the topics concerned improvements of current inoculation and incubation techniques, ranging from sample pre-treatment, inoculum density and incubation temperature to statistical data handling. New methods for calculating microbial diversity were proposed, as well as bootstrap methods that allow statistics with many variables on a relatively low number of replicates.
Author: Samuel Evan Barnett
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Soil dwelling microorganisms are essential components of numerous ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycles. In particular, they are important actors in terrestrial carbon cycling, producing and turning over soil organic matter. Microbially mediated soil carbon cycling can be influenced by environmental conditions, with soil organic matter dynamics and carbon fate varying across biomes. Drastic alterations to soil habitat conditions brought about through anthropogenic changes to land-use (e.g. agriculture) can greatly influence these processes. However, we are limited in our understanding of how land-use regimes and other environmental conditions control microbially mediated soil carbon cycling. I took three approaches to explore this relationship. First, I examined how bacterial community assembly and composition differed across cropland, old-field, and forest soils. I found that homogeneous selection, whereby selection pressure causes bacterial communities to be more phylogenetically similar to each other than expected by random assembly from a metacommunity, was the dominant bacterial community assembly process across all three land-use types. However, I also found that land-use interacted with soil pH to drive the balance between stochastic and deterministic assembly processes. This result indicates a mechanism by which microbial communities may develop differently across land-use regimes. Second, I examined the overall organic matter turnover across land-use regimes and the identity of the bacterial taxa actively involved in this carbon processing. I found that the dynamics of organic matter turnover and the active bacterial populations involved were distinct across land-use regimes. From these patterns I developed a conceptual model explaining how initial microbial biomass, which is impacted by land-use, may control bacterial activities in organic matter turnover. Finally, I examined the genomic basis of bacterial life history strategies, specifically the copiotroph-oligotroph continuum. Life history strategy can explain both bacterial activity in soil carbon cycling and bacterial response to environmental change. I found that the abundance of transcription factor genes and genes encoding a secretion signal peptide were both genomic signatures of the copiotroph-oligotroph continuum. These signatures can be used to classify diverse microbes based on their life history strategy and may further explain the biological drivers of these strategies. I also developed a toolkit, MetaSIPSim, that simulates metagenomic DNA-stable isotope probing datasets. Such datasets can be used to improve metagenomic DNA-stable isotope probing methodologies and analyses, which in turn can be used to link microbial genes and genomes to in situ carbon cycling activity. Overall, this work advances our knowledge of, and ability to study the ecological and biological controls of bacterially mediated soil carbon cycling.
Author: Jan Dirk van Elsas
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824727499
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 704
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Book Description
In the ten years since the publication of Modern Soil Microbiology, the study of soil microbiology has significantly changed, both in the understanding of the diversity and function of soil microbial communities and in research methods. Ideal for students in a variety of disciplines, this second edition provides a cutting-edge examination of a fascinating discipline that encompasses ecology, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology, and makes use of biochemical and biophysical approaches. The chapters cover topics ranging from the fundamental to the applied and describe the use of advanced methods that have provided a great thrust to the discipline of soil microbiology. Using the latest molecular analyses, they integrate principles of soil microbiology with novel insights into the physiology of soil microorganisms. The authors discuss the soil and rhizosphere as habitats for microorganisms, then go on to describe the different microbial groups, their adaptive responses, and their respective processes in interactive and functional terms. The book highlights a range of applied aspects of soil microbiology, including the nature of disease-suppressive soils, the use of biological control agents, biopesticides and bioremediation agents, and the need for correct statistics and experimentation in the analyses of the data obtained from soil systems.
Author: Jessica Furrer Chau
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Author: Rattan Lal
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1439800588
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 434
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Book Description
Just five years ago, it was generally believed that the number of food insecure people in the world was on continuous decline. Unfortunately, widespread soil degradation along with resistance to recommended agronomic practices, and little attempt to restore degraded soils have conspired with significant droughts (in regions that could least tolerat
Author: N R (Nisha) Parekh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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