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Author: Parisa Kamali
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513525662
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
In many countries, a sizable share of international trade is carried out by intermediaries. While large firms tend to export to foreign markets directly, smaller firms typically export via intermediaries (indirect exporting). I document a set of facts that characterize the dynamic nature of indirect exporting using firm-level data from Vietnam and develop a dynamic trade model with both direct and indirect exporting modes and customer accumulation. The model is calibrated to match the dynamic moments of the data. The calibration yields fixed costs of indirect exporting that are less than a third of those of direct exporting, the variable costs of indirect exporting are twice higher, and demand for the indirectly exported products grows more slowly. Decomposing the gains from indirect and direct exporting, I find that 18 percent of the gains from trade in Vietnam are generated by indirect exporters. Finally, I demonstrate that a dynamic model that excludes the indirect exporting channel will overstate the welfare gains associated with trade liberalization by a factor of two.
Author: Parisa Kamali
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513525662
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
In many countries, a sizable share of international trade is carried out by intermediaries. While large firms tend to export to foreign markets directly, smaller firms typically export via intermediaries (indirect exporting). I document a set of facts that characterize the dynamic nature of indirect exporting using firm-level data from Vietnam and develop a dynamic trade model with both direct and indirect exporting modes and customer accumulation. The model is calibrated to match the dynamic moments of the data. The calibration yields fixed costs of indirect exporting that are less than a third of those of direct exporting, the variable costs of indirect exporting are twice higher, and demand for the indirectly exported products grows more slowly. Decomposing the gains from indirect and direct exporting, I find that 18 percent of the gains from trade in Vietnam are generated by indirect exporters. Finally, I demonstrate that a dynamic model that excludes the indirect exporting channel will overstate the welfare gains associated with trade liberalization by a factor of two.
Author: Walter F. Wyman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : United States
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Book Description
Author: Business Training Corporation
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commerce
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
Author: Xue Bai
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Chapter 1: Self-inflicted Wounds? China's Restrictions on Direct Trading (with Kala Krishna)In this paper we discuss the background of China's restrictive policy on direct trading rights and document the changes made in the requirements for domestically-owned Chinese firms to have direct trading rights. We first show that these restrictions (and hence their removal) had differential coverage across industry, location and time. By looking at the impact of removing these restrictions on a variety of variables, we argue that removal of this restrictive policy was indeed an important force affecting exports. Exploiting information on eligibility for direct trading rights at the firm-level, we evaluate the effect of becoming eligible for direct trading on firm behavior and performance. We find positive and significant effects of gaining eligibility on probability of exporting, export values and total revenue. Moreover, most of the effects come from former indirect exporters. This suggests that former indirect exporters who may have been the most constrained firms who gained the most from the liberalization. We also find that gaining direct trading rights tomorrow has advance effect on firms' probability of exporting today suggesting firms are more likely to export indirectly in anticipation of becoming eligible tomorrow. However, these exports are small so that becoming eligible today raises export value and revenues tomorrow, not yesterday so that eligibility operates on these variable with a lag. Chapter 2: How You Export Matters: Export Mode, Learning, and Productivity in China (with Kala Krishna and Hong Ma)Firms can choose how they export: directly or through intermediaries. What are the costs and benefits of such choices? Firms may choose to trade directly, even if this is more costly in the short run, if doing so results in better future outcomes. A policy pursued by China gives us a unique chance to look at such trade-offs in the real world. Before China's accession to the WTO, a large share of domestic Chinese firms were not allowed to export directly, only through intermediaries. In this paper we develop and estimate a dynamic discrete choice model where firms choose their export mode. We recover not only the sunk and fixed costs of exporting according to mode, but also the evolution of productivity and demand under different export modes. We find that the evolution of both demand and productivity is more favorable under direct exporting. On average, starting direct exporting requires significantly higher start-up costs than starting indirect exporting. It is also more costly to remain a direct exporter than to remain an indirect one. Moreover, climbing the export ladder by starting off as an indirect exporter and then transitioning into direct exporting is cheaper than exporting directly to begin with. Our counterfactual experiment suggests that this policy reduced Chinese export growth considerably. Exports would have been $30$ percent less and the export participation rate would have been $37$ percent lower had there been no liberalization of trading rights. In addition, we compare the effects of different trade policies, namely export subsidies and subsidies on export costs. For export subsidies, it is better to target direct exporters over indirect ones, both for increasing the number of exporters and in terms of exports per dollar expended. However for cost subsidies, the opposite is true.Chapter 3: Productivity and Exporting: Selection, Learning by Exporting and Preparing to Export (with Bernardo Diaz de Astarloa and Kala Krishna)Much of the trade literature has focused on the links between productivity and exporting. Three channels have been emphasized. First, productivity causes exporting, so that there is selection into exporting by more productive firms. Second, that exporting generates productivity growth through, for example, learning-by-exporting. Third, that firms make choices that make them more productive in preparation to export. In this paper, we study these links and try to entangle this export-productivity correlation. Utilizing unique features of the Chinese data, we focus on the entire evolution of firms' productivity and decompose productivity growth before and after entering foreign markets. We show that patterns of Chinese exporters are consistent with all three hypotheses. First, exporters are more productive than non-exporters, which is consistent with selection. Future exporters' productivity grow steadily both before and after entry. A larger share of this growth of successful exporters happened after the entry, while productivity growth slows down after exiting for unsuccessful exporters. This is consistent with the learning-by-exporting theory and suggest possible active preparation to export. Furthermore, new exporters increase sales expenditures and earn higher revenue from new products than other firms before they start exporting. This indicates that firms actively invest in marketing structures and product upgrading to prepare for exporting in both demand and cost sides. This is true when compared to both non-exporters and continuous exporters. In addition, China's gradual and anticipated liberalization of direct trading rights help us identify further firm actions in preparing to export. In particular, we find evidence showing that Chinese firms undertook investment with the specific purpose of acquiring direct trading rights.
Author: United States. Small Business Administration
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic commerce
Languages : en
Pages : 184
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Book Description
Author: Laurel J. Delaney
Publisher: Global TradeSource Ltd
ISBN: 9781551801391
Category : Export marketing
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
Ten key ways to becoming a global player and succeeding in the lucrative export field
Author: Jason Katzman
Publisher: Skyhorse Publishing Inc.
ISBN: 1616081112
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 385
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Book Description
Here is practical advice for anyone who wants to build their business by selling overseas. The International Trade Administration covers key topics such as marketing, legal issues, customs, and more. With real-life examples and a full index, A Basic Guide to Exporting provides expert advice and practical solutions to meet all of your exporting needs.
Author: Walter F. Wyman
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9781330143148
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 167
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Book Description
Excerpt from Direct Exporting: Presenting the Problems of the Exporting Manufacturer To the publishers of System, Leslie's, the World's Work, Printers' Ink, Modern Methods, Advertising and Selling, Business, Export American Industries, and How to Export the writer is indebted for their whole-hearted permission to use in this volume contributions which have previously appeared in their columns. This text Unit is written to supply actual examples of Direct Exporting, and any theories are those which have been built up from proved practise. No effort has been made to supply novel ideas. Export is not in itself a science or an art. It is simply a part of merchandising; and the better the understanding of the principle of business itself - which knows no clime, creed or color of skin - the better the exporter. The writer takes advantage of this opportunity to acknowledge his constantly growing debt to those brother export managers whose kindly advice and constant counsel have always proved of the utmost value to him. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: DIANE Publishing Company
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 9781568062730
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
Tells you how to penetrate profitable international markets & how to get the information & assistance you need to get started. Discusses export strategy, market research, financing, customs benefits, product packaging & much more. Appendix features glossary, & U.S. & overseas contacts for major foreign markets. Published in cooperation with Federal Express. Illustrated.
Author: Co?kun Özer, Ahu
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1799883167
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
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Book Description
International trade is vital in today’s world; international trade can be affected by a number of issues such as terrorism, economic crises, and pandemics such as COVID-19. It is crucial to understand the impact these global issues have on international trade and what happens to trade when global issues arise. A comprehensive guide of these issues is needed to provide background and understanding about international trade and its relationship with global issues. Global issues occasionally dominate a continuing theme of the international globalized world: global crises, war, security issues, global pandemics such as COVID-19, and trade wars. Global cooperation is required to solve such problems. Economically intellectual thinking will enable the development of guiding policies in solving these global problems. In this book, the effects of global issues on international trade will be evaluated, and policy recommendations will be made for the solution of the global issues. Impact of Global Issues on International Trade is a critical reference source that uses analytic research to analyze the effects of global economic and financial crises as well as global health crises and their impact on international trade. Pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the global economic crisis, and trade wars are discussed, and political suggestions are made to mitigate negative impacts. Covering a wide range of topics such as financial fragility and trade fairs, it is ideal for trade specialists, policymakers, government officials, managers, executives, economists, academicians, researchers, students, and industry professionals.
