Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heating from central stations
Languages : en
Pages : 168

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Author: S. Morgan Bushnell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heating from central stations
Languages : en
Pages : 406

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heating from central stations
Languages : en
Pages : 108

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heat engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 148

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68

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Many of the buildings on Fort Myer, VA are over 50 years old and are serviced by systems and utilities that have been modified and upgraded over the years. The system distribution and central steam heating system is one such system that is now nearing the end its useful life. This study was undertaken to identify the most cost effective solution to provide heat to the Fort Myer's buildings in the future years, whether to: (1) maintain the existing system, (2) convert to a centralized system using hot water, or (3) convert to a decentralized system. An evaluation of the three alternatives showed that a hot water heating conversion will provide the lowest life cycle cost and allow the most fuel flexibility. Fort Myer also manages installation support for Henderson Hall, an adjacent Marine base. This study analyzed two heating options for Henderson Hall: (1) Connecting Henderson Hall buildings to the new hot water distribution system proposed to serve Fort Myer, or (2) using the existing steam heating plant in Building 28 to heat the five Henderson Hall buildings. A life cycle cost analysis shows that the expansion of the hot water system is the most cost effective choice.

Author: L.D. Danny Harvey
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113657302X
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 717

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Winner of Choice Magazine - Outstanding Academic Titles for 2007 Buildings account for over one third of global energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Reducing energy use by buildings is therefore an essential part of any strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and thereby lessen the likelihood of potentially catastrophic climate change. Bringing together a wealth of hard-to-obtain information on energy use and energy efficiency in buildings at a level which can be easily digested and applied, Danny Harvey offers a comprehensive, objective and critical sourcebook on low-energy buildings. Topics covered include: thermal envelopes, heating, cooling, heat pumps, HVAC systems, hot water, lighting, solar energy, appliances and office equipment, embodied energy, buildings as systems and community-integrated energy systems (cogeneration, district heating, and district cooling). The book includes exemplary buildings and techniques from North America, Europe and Asia, and combines a broad, holistic perspective with technical detail in an accessible and insightful manner.

Author: James R. Watt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cooling
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Phase 1 was essentially a sifting process in which promising combinations of plants and service areas were separated from all possible configurations. As contractor and Project Manager for the Toledo Study, Toledo Edison has tried to remain alert to a variety of possible ownership alternatives. At the conclusion of Phase 1 the electric utility is still the most logical owner and operator of the district heating system. The combination of Acme Station and the downtown Toledo area has been identified as a potential successful Demonstration Project. The existing steam system can serve as an excellent base from which various expansion plans can be derived. Replacing the steam system with a coal fired cogeneration source provides an excellent opportunity for scarce fuel savings. Additional savings accrue to those customers who convert from using scarce fuels directly to the new district heating system. The combined savings is the driving force which makes this project economically feasible. To choose the best alternative for further detailed study in Phase 2,two criteria were used to compare the alternative retrofit scheme. Lifecycle savings computed for the 25 -year life of the investment was the primary measure. Second, the sensitivity of life cycle savings to changes in critical input variables was the second indicator. The sensitivity analysis indicates the relative risks associated with each scheme under varying economic conditions. To determine the scope of the district heating systems under consideration an energy market analysis was conducted. Potential customers were identified which would double and nearly triple the existing steam heating load. Concurrently, the engineering consultant scrutinized the plant to determine sources of steam to serve a range of loads. The Demonstration Team then met to determine which service areas were worthy of consideration. Once four retrofit schemes were selected the detailed comparisons could begin. Since the downtown steam system was the basis of the service area, steam was selected as the best distribution medium. After reviewing twenty different retrofit schemes for Acme Station, the engineering consultant recommended the installation of a back pressure turbine as the best method of obtaining cogeneration steam. The new backpressure turbine will operate in parallel with an existing condensing turbine. This concept provides the benefits of cogeneration and still permits maximum electrical production when there is minimal steam load. Using 235 psig as the extraction pressure permits considerable redundancy within Acme Station since there is a 235 psig header served by several boilers. The most challenging part of the distribution system will be the underground crossing of the Maumee River which separates Acme Station from the proposed service area. Considerable effort will be spent during Phase 2to determine the installation details and cost of the river crossing. Engineering costs of other distribution line extensions will be calculated as well to complete the cost estimate for all components of the distribution network. As a result of the economic analysis, Retrofits #1 and#2 were selected for continued study in Phase 2. Implementing Retrofit #2 would double the steam output and displace over 6 million gallons of oil. The life cycle savings and the risk associated with changing economic conditions is less than that determined for Retrofits #3 and #4.viTo proceed into Phase 2 the, Demonstration Team is being expanded to include two important contributors. An engineering firm specializing in the design of in -building systems is being added. Their expertise will help determine retrofit costs and resolve specific technical concerns of the potential customers. A representative of the City of Toledo will be included since financial options including municipal ownership are still under consideration. In any case, the city government is strongly committed to guiding the redevelopment of downtown Toledo which is currently underway. They share our belief that a coal fired district heating system will enhance redevelopment efforts. Community support for the Demonstration Program can be better focused with appropriate involvement by local government. The Task 7 report concludes with the site -specific Scope of Work Toledo Edison developed with the subcontractors to address the requirements of Phases 2 and 3. Because of the nature and size of the Demonstration Project in Toledo, we intend to complete all the technical and economic tasks during Phase 2. Only the final rate making, legal and financing tasks will have to be carried into Phase 3 which we propose to start immediately after the completion of Phase 2. Because of the different costs sharing formulas for Phases 2 and 3, we have created separate technical and cost proposals for the two subsequent phases. Toledo Edison seeks approval, however, for both phases now to accelerate the pace of the Demonstration Program.

Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309035376
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 168

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Used historically in urban areas but now mainly in institutions, district heating and cooling systemsâ€"efficient centralized energy systems that may use energy sources other than petroleumâ€"have gained renewed interest. This volume is a nontechnical examination of the history and current extent of district heating and cooling systems in the United States, their costs and benefits, technical requirements, market demand for them, and European experience with such systems, with major focus on the problems of financing, regulation, and taxation. Appendixes provide case studies of cities and towns currently using district heating and cooling systems.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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In this study district heating systems are shown to be economically attractive for large-scale implementation in the U.S., provided suitable sources of waste heat are available. Fusion reactors appear to be very desirable as sources of waste heat for district heating systems. Since fusion reactors appear to be more environmentally acceptable than fission reactors or coal steam electric plants, they could possibly be located closer to district heat load centers, which should result in substantial cost savings due to lower transmission costs. In this study, CTR distances on the order of 20 miles from urban areas are acceptable in terms of transmission cost. Model district heating systems are designed for nine regions in the U.S. (New York City, Paterson, N.J., Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, Jersey City, and Newark). Estimates are also made as to the implementation and costs to be expected for district heating systems in the U.S. as a whole. The study evaluates the impact of the CRT-district heat option on the U.S. energy system; this was carried out using the BNL BESOM program. It is concluded that two additional markets exist for district heating, those of process heat and air conditioning. (MCW).

Author: International Energy Agency
Publisher: Paris, France : International Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ; [Washington, D.C. : OECD Publications and Information Center
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 326

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