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Author: Shashank Priya
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441995986
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 521
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Book Description
Ecological restrictions in many parts of the world are demanding the elimination of Pb from all consumer items. At this moment in the piezoelectric ceramics industry, there is no issue of more importance than the transition to lead-free materials. The goal of Lead-Free Piezoelectrics is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and developments in the field of lead-free materials and products to leading researchers in the world. The text presents chapters on demonstrated applications of the lead-free materials, which will allow readers to conceptualize the present possibilities and will be useful for both students and professionals conducting research on ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, smart materials, lead-free materials, and a variety of applications including sensors, actuators, ultrasonic transducers and energy harvesters.
Author: Shashank Priya
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441995986
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 521
Get Book Here
Book Description
Ecological restrictions in many parts of the world are demanding the elimination of Pb from all consumer items. At this moment in the piezoelectric ceramics industry, there is no issue of more importance than the transition to lead-free materials. The goal of Lead-Free Piezoelectrics is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and developments in the field of lead-free materials and products to leading researchers in the world. The text presents chapters on demonstrated applications of the lead-free materials, which will allow readers to conceptualize the present possibilities and will be useful for both students and professionals conducting research on ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, smart materials, lead-free materials, and a variety of applications including sensors, actuators, ultrasonic transducers and energy harvesters.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 127
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Book Description
Author: Yu Hong Jeon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Bismuth compounds
Languages : en
Pages : 189
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Book Description
Piezoelectric materials have been widely used in electromechanical actuators, sensors, and ultrasonic transducers. Among these materials, lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr[subscript 1-x]Ti[subscript x])O3 (PZT) has been primarily investigated due to its excellent piezoelectric properties. However, environmental concerns due to the toxicity of PbO have led to investigations into alternative materials systems. Bismuth-based perovskite piezoelectric materials such as (Bi0.5, Na0.5)TiO3 - (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 (BNT - BKT), (Bi0.5, Na0.5)TiO3 - (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 - BaTiO3(BNT - BKT - BT), (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 - Bi(Zn0.5, Ti0.5)O3 (BKT - BZT), and (Bi0.5, Na0.5)TiO3 - (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 - Bi(Mg0.5, Ti0.5)O3 (BNT - BKT - BMgT) have been explored as potential alternatives to PZT. These materials systems have been extensively studied in bulk ceramic form, however many of the ultimate applications will be in thin film embodiments (i.e., microelectromechanical systems). For this reason, in this thesis these lead-free piezoelectrics are synthesized in thin film form to understand the structure-property-processing relationships and their impact on the ultimate device response. Fabrication of high quality of 0.95BKT - 0.05BZT thin films on platinized silicon substrates was attempted by pulsed laser deposition. Due to cation volatility, deposition parameters such as substrate temperature, deposition pressure, and target-substrate distance, as well as target overdoping were explored to achieve phase pure materials. This route led to high dielectric loss, indicative of poor ferroelectric behavior. This was likely a result of the poor thin film morphology observed in films deposited via this method. Subsequently, 0.8BNT - 0.2BKT, 85BNT - 10BKT - 5BT, and 72.5BNT - 22.5BKT - 5BMgT (near morphotropic phase boundary composition) were synthesized via chemical solution deposition. To compensate the loss of A-site cations, overdoped precursor solutions were prepared. Crystallization after each spin cast layer were required to produce phase pure material. Good permittivities and low dielectric loss over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz were obtained. Dependent upon annealing conditions, various film morphologies and compositional distributions were observed via electron microscopy and composition measurements. As opposed to previously reported work, good ferroelectric response at low frequency (200 Hz) were found. For BNT - BKT - BMgT, the maximum polarization was over 50 [micro]C/cm2 with high d[subscript 33,f] of 75 pm/V were obtained. Additionally, the extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to the dielectric response for solution-derived BNT - BKT and BNT - BKT - BMgT films were studied via Rayleigh analysis. For sub-switching fields a good agreement between predicted polarization behavior from Rayleigh analysis and experimentally measured polarization indicated the validity of this approach for BNT-based thin films. Results of this thesis proved that high quality bismuth-based piezoelectric thin films with good electrical response can be fabricated with suppression of cation volatility for various processing conditions. Furthermore, these thin films can be considered as alternatives to PZT thin films as potential candidates for piezoelectric-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
Author: Jing-Feng Li
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527345124
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Book Description
Provides in-depth knowledge on lead-free piezoelectrics - for state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly electrical and electronic devices! Lead zirconate titanate ceramics have been market-dominating due to their excellent properties and flexibility in terms of compositional modifications. Driven by the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, there is a growing concern on the toxicity of lead. Therefore, numerous research efforts were devoted to lead-free piezoelectrics from the beginning of this century. Great progress has been made in the development of high-performance lead-free piezoelectric ceramics which are already used, e.g., for power electronics applications. Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials provides an in-depth overview of principles, material systems, and applications of lead-free piezoelectric materials. It starts with the fundamentals of piezoelectricity and lead-free piezoelectrics. Then it discusses four representative lead-free piezoelectric material systems from background introduction to crystal structures and properties. Finally, it presents several applications of lead-free piezoelectrics including piezoelectric actuators, and transducers. The challenges for promoting applications will also be discussed. Highly attractive: Lead-free piezoelectrics address the growing concerns on exclusion of hazardous substances used in electrical and electronic devices in order to protect human health and the environment Thorough overview: Covers fundamentals, different classes of materials, processing and applications Unique: discusses fundamentals and recent advancements in the field of lead-free piezoelectrics Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials is of high interest for material scientists, electrical and chemical engineers, solid state chemists and physicists in academia and industry.
Author: Jiagang Wu
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811089981
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 529
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Book Description
This book systematically reviews the history of lead-free piezoelectric materials, including the latest research. It also addresses a number of important issues, such as new types of materials prepared in a multitude of sizes, structural and physical properties, and potential applications for high-performance devices. Further, it examines in detail the state of the art in lead-free piezoelectric materials, focusing on the pathways to modify different structures and achieve enhanced physical properties and new functional behavior. Lastly, it discusses the prospects for potential future developments in lead-free piezoelectric materials across disciplines and for multifunctional applications. Given its breadth of coverage, the book offers a comprehensive resource for graduate students, academic researchers, development scientists, materials producers, device designers and applications engineers who are working on or are interested in advanced lead-free piezoelectric materials.
Author: Alper Erturk
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119991358
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 377
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Book Description
The transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising. With Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, world-leading researchers provide a timely and comprehensive coverage of the electromechanical modelling and applications of piezoelectric energy harvesters. They present principal modelling approaches, synthesizing fundamental material related to mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical and materials engineering disciplines for vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting provides the first comprehensive treatment of distributed-parameter electromechanical modelling for piezoelectric energy harvesting with extensive case studies including experimental validations, and is the first book to address modelling of various forms of excitation in piezoelectric energy harvesting, ranging from airflow excitation to moving loads, thus ensuring its relevance to engineers in fields as disparate as aerospace engineering and civil engineering. Coverage includes: Analytical and approximate analytical distributed-parameter electromechanical models with illustrative theoretical case studies as well as extensive experimental validations Several problems of piezoelectric energy harvesting ranging from simple harmonic excitation to random vibrations Details of introducing and modelling piezoelectric coupling for various problems Modelling and exploiting nonlinear dynamics for performance enhancement, supported with experimental verifications Applications ranging from moving load excitation of slender bridges to airflow excitation of aeroelastic sections A review of standard nonlinear energy harvesting circuits with modelling aspects.
Author: Jing-Feng Li
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527345124
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 240
Get Book Here
Book Description
Provides in-depth knowledge on lead-free piezoelectrics - for state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly electrical and electronic devices! Lead zirconate titanate ceramics have been market-dominating due to their excellent properties and flexibility in terms of compositional modifications. Driven by the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, there is a growing concern on the toxicity of lead. Therefore, numerous research efforts were devoted to lead-free piezoelectrics from the beginning of this century. Great progress has been made in the development of high-performance lead-free piezoelectric ceramics which are already used, e.g., for power electronics applications. Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials provides an in-depth overview of principles, material systems, and applications of lead-free piezoelectric materials. It starts with the fundamentals of piezoelectricity and lead-free piezoelectrics. Then it discusses four representative lead-free piezoelectric material systems from background introduction to crystal structures and properties. Finally, it presents several applications of lead-free piezoelectrics including piezoelectric actuators, and transducers. The challenges for promoting applications will also be discussed. Highly attractive: Lead-free piezoelectrics address the growing concerns on exclusion of hazardous substances used in electrical and electronic devices in order to protect human health and the environment Thorough overview: Covers fundamentals, different classes of materials, processing and applications Unique: discusses fundamentals and recent advancements in the field of lead-free piezoelectrics Lead-Free Piezoelectric Materials is of high interest for material scientists, electrical and chemical engineers, solid state chemists and physicists in academia and industry.
Author: Ahmad Safari
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387765409
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 483
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Book Description
The book discusses the underlying physical principles of piezoelectric materials, important properties of ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials used in today’s transducer technology, and the principles used in transducer design. It provides examples of a wide range of applications of such materials along with the appertaining rationales. With contributions from distinguished researchers, this is a comprehensive reference on all the pertinent aspects of piezoelectric materials.
Author: Maryam Abazari Torghabeh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ferroelectric devices
Languages : en
Pages : 193
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Book Description
As a high performance piezoelectric material widely used in sensors, actuators and other electronic devices, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics have been the center of attention for many years. However, the toxicity of these materials and their exposure to the environment during processing steps, such as calcination, sintering, machining as well as problems in recycling and disposal have been major concerns regarding their usage all around the globe for the past couple of decades. Consequently, utilizing lead-based materials for many commercial applications have been recently restricted in Europe and Asia and measures are being taken in United States as well. Therefore, there is an urgent need for lead-free piezoelectrics whose properties are comparable to those of well-known PZT materials. Recently, the discovery of ultra-high piezoelectric activity in the ternary lead-free KNaNbO3-LiTaO3-LiSbO3 (KNN-LT-LS) and (Bi, Na)TiO3-(Bi, K)TiO3-BaTiO3 (BNT-BKT-BT) systems have given hope for alternatives to PZT. Furthermore, the demand for new generation of environment-friendly functional devices, utilizing piezoelectric materials, inspired a new surge in lead-free piezoelectric thin film research. In this study, an attempt has been made to explore the development of lead-free piezoelectric thin films by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on SrTiO3 substrate. While the growth and development process of KNN-LT-LS thin films was the primary goal of this thesis, a preliminary effort was also made to fabricate and characterize BNT-BKT-BT thin films. In a comprehensive and systematic process optimization study in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry, the phase evolution, stoichiometry, and growth orientation of the films are monitored as a function of deposition conditions including temperature and ambient oxygen partial pressure. Processing parameters such as substrate temperature and pressure are shown to be highly dominant in determining the phase and composition of the films. Oxygen partial pressure has shown to control the chemical composition of the films through solid-gaseous phase equilibrium and substrate temperature has mostly influenced the growth mode and microstructure. Findings of this study has shown that 300-500 nm single-phase epitaxial KNN-LT-LS and BNT-BKT-BT thin films could indeed be obtained at a temperature of 700-750 oC and 300-400 mTorr of oxygen partial pressure. Following a series of studies on effect of doping, it was revealed that addition of 1 mol% Mn to KNN-LT-LS composition resulted in a significant suppression of leakage current and enhancement of polarization saturation. A remanent polarization of 16 æC/cm2 and coercive field of 20 kV/cm were measured for such thin film, which are comparable to those of hard PZT counterparts. Also, a high remanent polarization and coercive field of 30 æC/cm2 and 95 kV/cm were achieved in 350 nm BNT-BKT-BT thin films. Longitudinal (d33) and transverse (e31, f) piezoelectric coefficients of KNN-LT-LS thin films were found to be 55 pm/V and -4.5 C/m2 respectively, prepared at the optimized conditions, whereas 350 nm BNT-BKT-BT thin films exhibited an e31, f of -2.25 C/m2. The results of this study present the great potential of KNN-LT-LS and BNT-BKT-BT thin films for piezoelectric MEMS devices and provide a baseline for future investigations on lead-free piezoelectric thin films.
Author: Eric Andrew Patterson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Green electronics
Languages : en
Pages : 167
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Book Description
Much recent research has focused on the development lead-free perovskite piezoelectrics as environmentally compatible alternatives to lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Two main categories of lead free perovskite piezoelectric ceramic systems were investigated as potential replacements to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) for actuator devices. First, solid solutions based on Li, Ta, and Sb modified (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) lead-free perovskite systems were created using standard solid state methods. Secondly, Bi-based materials a variety of compositions were explored for (1-x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-xBi(Zn0.5Ti0.5)O3 (BNT-BZT) and Bi(Zn0.5Ti0.5)O3-(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3-(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BZT-BKT-BNT). It was shown that when BNT-BKT is combined with increasing concentrations of Bi(Zn[subscript 1/2]Ti[subscript 1/2])O3 (BZT), a transition from normal ferroelectric behavior to a material with large electric field induced strains was observed. The higher BZT containing compositions are characterized by large hysteretic strains (> 0.3%) with no negative strains that might indicate domain switching. This work summarizes and analyzes the fatigue behavior of the new generation of Pb-free piezoelectric materials. In piezoelectric materials, fatigue is observed as a degradation in the electromechanical properties under the application of a bipolar or unipolar cyclic electrical load. In Pb-based materials such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), fatigue has been studied in great depth for both bulk and thin film applications. In PZT, fatigue can result from microcracking or electrode effects (especially in thin films). Ultimately, however, it is electronic and ionic point defects that are the most influential mechanism. Therefore, this work also analyzes the fatigue characteristics of bulk polycrystalline ceramics of the modified-KNN and BNT-BKT-BZT compositions developed. The defect chemistry that underpins the fatigue behavior will be examined and the results will be compared to the existing body of work on PZT. It will be demonstrated that while some Pb-free materials show severe property degradation under cyclic loading, other materials such as BNT-BKT-BZT essentially exhibit fatigue-free piezoelectric properties with chemical doping or other modifications. Based on these results, these new Pb-free materials have great potential for use in piezoelectric applications requiring a large number of drive cycles such as MEMS devices or high frequency actuators.
