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Author: Robert Joseph Michael
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 477
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Book Description
During the past forty years, the number of large retail stores (often referred to as big-box stores) has grown significantly. These stores incorporate steel pallet storage racks loaded with heavy merchandise which pose a life-safety risk to the exposed general public during a seismic event. A base isolation system compatible with conventional racks is designed and developed which provides seismic isolation primarily in the cross-aisle direction. The new patented base isolation system provides seismic isolation by incorporating heavily damped elastomeric bearings (referred to here as seismic mounts) and low-friction bearing plates. The objective of the base isolation system is to reduce horizontal accelerations of the rack to eliminate product shedding and structural damage during a major earthquake without interfering with normal, day-to-day material handling operations. Full scale shake table testing show the new base isolation system meets the performance objectives recommended in the FEMA-460 document zSeismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible to the Publicy for both life safety under the Design Earthquake (DE) and for collapse prevention under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). Special heavily damped (HD) butyl compounds are developed and utilized in the seismic mounts. These compounds are statically and dynamically characterized which provides input data for numerical studies. Non-linear hyperelastic material models are developed and used with finite element analysis to design various base isolation systems. Several of these new base isolation systems are optimized to achieve characteristics that expand their use from lightly loaded racks to heavily loaded racks. Designs are further optimized based on feedback from shake table testing and transient structural analysis. The new base isolation system is evaluated by uniaxial and triaxial shake table tests performed at the Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL) at the University of Buffalo (UB). Three phases of testing were performed on steel pallet storage racks both directly anchored (conventional) and with the new base isolation system. Tests were performed with both simulated and real merchandise. The results of the seismic tests demonstrate the improved structural performance of rack structures incorporating the new base isolation system. Cross-aisle absolute accelerations and inter-story drifts of the base isolated rack structure are reduced by more than 70% compared to the same rack conventionally anchored at its base. Numerical simulations (transient structural, finite element analysis) are presented comparing storage rack response against tests performed on the tri-axial shake table. The simulations agree with experimental test results within 20%. The simulation model is used to determine optimal seismic isolation parameters that satisfy the practical range of rack shelf loads and configurations expected in typical warehouse and store installations.
Author: Robert Joseph Michael
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 477
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Book Description
During the past forty years, the number of large retail stores (often referred to as big-box stores) has grown significantly. These stores incorporate steel pallet storage racks loaded with heavy merchandise which pose a life-safety risk to the exposed general public during a seismic event. A base isolation system compatible with conventional racks is designed and developed which provides seismic isolation primarily in the cross-aisle direction. The new patented base isolation system provides seismic isolation by incorporating heavily damped elastomeric bearings (referred to here as seismic mounts) and low-friction bearing plates. The objective of the base isolation system is to reduce horizontal accelerations of the rack to eliminate product shedding and structural damage during a major earthquake without interfering with normal, day-to-day material handling operations. Full scale shake table testing show the new base isolation system meets the performance objectives recommended in the FEMA-460 document zSeismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible to the Publicy for both life safety under the Design Earthquake (DE) and for collapse prevention under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). Special heavily damped (HD) butyl compounds are developed and utilized in the seismic mounts. These compounds are statically and dynamically characterized which provides input data for numerical studies. Non-linear hyperelastic material models are developed and used with finite element analysis to design various base isolation systems. Several of these new base isolation systems are optimized to achieve characteristics that expand their use from lightly loaded racks to heavily loaded racks. Designs are further optimized based on feedback from shake table testing and transient structural analysis. The new base isolation system is evaluated by uniaxial and triaxial shake table tests performed at the Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL) at the University of Buffalo (UB). Three phases of testing were performed on steel pallet storage racks both directly anchored (conventional) and with the new base isolation system. Tests were performed with both simulated and real merchandise. The results of the seismic tests demonstrate the improved structural performance of rack structures incorporating the new base isolation system. Cross-aisle absolute accelerations and inter-story drifts of the base isolated rack structure are reduced by more than 70% compared to the same rack conventionally anchored at its base. Numerical simulations (transient structural, finite element analysis) are presented comparing storage rack response against tests performed on the tri-axial shake table. The simulations agree with experimental test results within 20%. The simulation model is used to determine optimal seismic isolation parameters that satisfy the practical range of rack shelf loads and configurations expected in typical warehouse and store installations.
Author: Saman Sabzehzar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Civil engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 213
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Book Description
Increasing use of steel storage racks across many industries and observed performance of the racks and pallet merchandise during past earthquake events has motivated the development of seismic protective technologies for the racks. This research investigates the design of a seismic base isolation system for cross-aisle rack response that can satisfy prescribed performance objectives for all potential rack load configurations. The large variation in potential load configurations and the rack aspect ratio play a key role in seismic response which may result in sliding, rocking, or combined slide-rock behavior. The combined behavior is developed from fundamental mechanics to understand the cyclic force-deformation behavior and equivalent damping provided which is used in the isolator seismic design methodology. The isolators consist of low-friction bearing surfaces, elastomeric mounts, and secondary stiffening elastomers which must be tailored in design to achieve performance objectives related to sliding and rocking displacements and probability of merchandise shedding (falling off a shelf). Design choices of isolator components are made through a weighted multi-objective optimization approach. The probability of merchandise shedding was considered in design through parametric seismic analyses which included sliding merchandise for varying seismic hazard levels. The mechanical behavior and design methodology are confirmed through nonlinear transient seismic analyses and full-scale dynamic experimental testing. The isolator design development and research on combined sliding-rocking behavior for the design of isolation systems advances the current state of knowledge and seismic design practice of steel storage racks.
Author: Farzad Naeim
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780471149217
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
Um die Auswirkungen von Erdbeben auf Gebäude, Brücken und andere empfindliche Konstruktionen zu mildern, wurden im Laufe der Jahre zahlreiche Technologien entwickelt. Eine der neueren hiervon ist die seismische Isolation: Sie beinhaltet den Einbau von Mechanismen, die das Gebäude von den Bewegungen des Untergrunds entkoppeln. Der Erfolg dieser Technik übertrifft den aller vorher bekannten Verfahren - ein Grund für Ingenieure und Architekten, sich genauer zu informieren. Dazu sei dieses Buch empfohlen. (04/99)
Author: Federal Emergency Agency
Publisher: FEMA
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 169
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Book Description
During the past few decades, the number of large public warehouse stores (often referred to as big-box stores) across the nation has grown significantly, changing both consumer buying habits and the public's risk of injury during earthquakes. During an earthquake, occupant safety in a big-box store depends on both the structural performance of the building and on the performance of the storage racks and their contents. Earthquake ground motions can cause storage racks to collapse or overturn if they are not properly designed, installed, maintained, and loaded. In addition, goods stored on the racks may spill or topple off. Both occurrences pose a life-safety risk to the exposed shopping public. The immediate stimulus for the project that resulted in this report was a 2003 request from the State of Washington to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for guidance concerning the life-safety risk posed by the storage racks in publicly accessible areas of retail stores, especially the risk of rack collapse of loss of stored goods during an earthquake. FEMA asked the Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) to develop the requested guidance. To do so, the BSSC established a Rack Project Task Group composed of practicing engineers, storage rack designers, researchers, representatives of the Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI) and the Retail Industry Leaders Association, and members of applicable technical subcommittees responsible for updating the NEHRP Recommended Provisions. In developing this guidance document, the Task Group focused primarily on steel single selective pallet storage racks. It reviewed available information on storage rack performance during earthquakes and the background on the development of standards and code requirements for storage racks; assessed seismic requirements for storage racks and current practices with respect to rack design, maintenance and operations, quality assurance, and post-earthquake inspections; and examined available research and testing data. Based on its study, the Task Group developed short-term recommendations to improve current practice and formulated long-term recommendations to serve as the basis for improved standards documents such as the NEHRP Recommended Provisions, ASCE 7, and the RMI-developed storage rack specification. Over the near term, the Task Group recommends that the 2003 NEHRP Recommended Provisions requirements for steel single selective pallet storage rack design be followed and that connections be checked in accordance with a procedure to be developed by RMI. The Task Group also recommends that additional guidance presented in this report be voluntarily adopted by store owners and operators. Further, given the fact that maintenance and use of storage racks is a key element to their acceptable performance during earthquakes, store owners and operators should adopt an appropriate quality assurance plan; as a minimum, the best self-imposed practices of store owners and operators should be maintained. The Task Group's primary long-term recommendation is that the RMI specification be brought into conformance with the 2003 NEHRP Recommended Provisions, which is the basis for seismic requirements found in current seismic design standards and model building codes. The Task Group also recommends that optional performance-based and limit state procedures and component cyclic testing procedures be incorporated into the RMI-developed specification. Compliance with these procedures will demonstrate that the storage racks have the capacity to resist maximum considered earthquake ground motions without collapse. It also is recommended that regulatory bodies periodically review the quality assurance programs of stores and implement any regulations needed to satisfy life-safety concerns that relate to the securing of rack contents and rack maintenance and use.
Author: Carlo Andrea Castiglioni
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319284665
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 502
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Book Description
This book presents the main outcomes of the first European research project on the seismic behavior of adjustable steel storage pallet racking systems. In particular, it describes a comprehensive and unique set of full-scale tests designed to assess such behavior. The tests performed include cyclic tests of full-scale rack components, namely beam-to-upright connections and column base connections; static and dynamic tests to assess the friction factor between pallets and rack beams; full-scale pushover and pseudodynamic tests of storage racks in down-aisle and cross-aisle directions; and full-scale dynamic tests on two-bay, three-level rack models. The implications of the findings of this extensive testing regime on the seismic behavior of racking systems are discussed in detail, highlighting e.g. the confirmation that under severe dynamic conditions “sliding” is the main factor influencing rack response. This work was conceived during the development of the SEISRACKS project. Its outcomes will contribute significantly to increasing our knowledge of the structural behavior of racks under earthquake conditions and should inform future rack design.
Author: The Japan Society of Seismic Isolation
Publisher: 日本免震構造協会
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 138
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Book Description
※この商品はタブレットなど大きいディスプレイを備えた端末で読むことに適しています。また、文字だけを拡大することや、文字列のハイライト、検索、辞書の参照、引用などの機能が使用できません。 This book was compiled with the aim of providing reference materials specific to architectural designers (architects and designers) in order to promote further technical improvement and development of seismic isolation buildings. “How has seismic isolation architecture solved the diverse demands and complex problems faced by architecture?” “What are the points of seismic isolation architecture design?” “By dissecting seismic isolation architecture, you can feel more familiar with seismic isolation architecture”. The editorial theme was based on the historical background, such as “Sharing accumulated seismic isolation technology”. Preparations are being made not only by building owners and governments planning projects, but also in economic, cultural, medical, welfare, production, logistics, academic, and other fields where natural disasters occur frequently, and are preparing for major earthquakes that are sure to repeat in the future. This book aims to remove obstacles when considering the introduction of seismically isolated buildings. We hope that this book will be used as a guidebook to protect valuable social capital and illuminate the path to seismically isolated construction.
Author: Juan Caicedo
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319152483
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 534
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Book Description
Dynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2. Proceedings of the 33rd IMAC, , A Conference and Exposition on Balancing Simulation and Testing, 2015, the second volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Structural Dynamics, including papers on: Modal Parameter Identification Dynamic Testing of Civil Structures Human Induced Vibrations of Civil Structures Correlation & Updating Operational Modal Analysis Damage Detection of Structures Bridge Structures Damage Detection Models Experimental Techniques for Civil Structures
Author: Azer A. Kasimzade
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319931571
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
This book features chapters based on selected presentations from the International Congress on Advanced Earthquake Resistance of Structures, AERS2016, held in Samsun, Turkey, from 24 to 28 October 2016. It covers the latest advances in three widely popular research areas in Earthquake Engineering: Performance-Based Seismic Design, Seismic Isolation Systems, and Structural Health Monitoring. The book shows the vulnerability of high-rise and seismically isolated buildings to long periods of strong ground motions, and proposes new passive and semi-active structural seismic isolation systems to protect against such effects. These systems are validated through real-time hybrid tests on shaking tables. Structural health monitoring systems provide rapid assessment of structural safety after an earthquake and allow preventive measures to be taken, such as shutting down the elevators and gas lines, before damage occurs. Using the vibration data from instrumented tall buildings, the book demonstrates that large, distant earthquakes and surface waves, which are not accounted for in most attenuation equations, can cause long-duration shaking and damage in tall buildings. The overview of the current performance-based design methodologies includes discussions on the design of tall buildings and the reasons common prescriptive code provisions are not sufficient to address the requirements of tall-building design. In addition, the book explains the modelling and acceptance criteria associated with various performance-based design guidelines, and discusses issues such as selection and scaling of ground motion records, soil-foundation-structure interaction, and seismic instrumentation and peer review needs. The book is of interest to a wide range of professionals in earthquake engineering, including designers, researchers, and graduate students.
Author: Eftychia Apostolidi
Publisher: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering
ISBN: 385748182X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : de
Pages : 111
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Book Description
The seismic resilience of new and existing structures is a key priority for the protection of human lives and the reduction of economic losses in earthquake prone areas. The modern seismic codes have focused on the upgrade of the structural performance of the new and existing structures. However, in many cases it is preferrable to mitigate the effects of the earthquakes by reducing the induced loads in the structures using seismic isolation and response control devices. The limited expertise in the selection and design of the appropriate system for new and existing structures is the main challenge for an extensive use of seismic isolation and response control systems in practice. This document aims to provide a practical guide by presenting a collection of the most commonly used seismic isolation and response control systems and a critical evaluation of the main characteristics of these systems. Comparisons of the key parameters of the design processes for new buildings with seismic isolation are presented, while the application of seismic isolation systems and response control systems for the retrofitting of existing structures is also examined, followed by various case studies from Greece, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Turkey.
Author: Andrew Charleson
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317605411
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 205
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Book Description
Seismic isolation offers the highest degree of earthquake protection to buildings and their inhabitants. Modern applications of the technology are less than 50 years old and uptake in seismically active regions continues to soar. Seismic Isolation for Architects is a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice in this field. Based on the latest research findings and the authors’ extensive experience, coverage includes the application, effectiveness, benefits, and limitations of seismic isolation, as well as the architectural form, design aspects, retrofitting, economics, construction, and maintenance related to this method. The book is written for an international audience: the authors review codes and practices from a number of countries and draw on examples from eleven territories including the US, Chile, Argentina, Italy, Japan, and New Zealand. Aimed at readers without prior knowledge of structural engineering, the book provides an accessible, non-technical approach without using equations or calculations, instead using over 200 drawings, diagrams and images to support the text. This book is key reading for students on architecture and civil engineering courses looking for a clear introduction to seismic-resistant design, as well as architects and engineers working in seismically active regions.
