Describing the Relationship Between Three Ice Hockey Helmet Impact Tests and Reconstructions of Concussive Injuries in Professional Ice Hockey PDF Download
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Author: Andrew Meehan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Ice hockey helmets effectively mitigate the risk of skull fractures and focal traumatic brain injuries in professional ice hockey (PIH), but do not manage diffuse brain injuries such as concussion. This is due to current standard tests, which only represent one head impact event (a fall to the ice) and do not measure rotational head kinematics. It is important that helmets are evaluated using impact conditions that represent how players sustain concussions in ice hockey. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between three ice hockey helmet tests and reconstructions of three concussive injury events in PIH. A flat anvil drop test (representing head-to-ice impacts), angled anvil drop test (representing head-to-boards impacts at 30o and 45o) and pneumatic ram test (representing medium and high compliance shoulder-to-head impacts) were performed using parameters reflecting concussive injuries in PIH. Stepwise regressions identified the dynamic response variables producing the strongest relationships with MPS. For the flat anvil drop test, dominant linear acceleration had the strongest relationship with MPS (R2 = 0.960), while there were no significant predictors of MPS from the PIH head-to-ice reconstructions. Rotational velocity had the strongest relationship for the 30o (R2 = 0.978) and 45o Anvil Drop Tests (R2 = 0.977), while rotational acceleration had the strongest relationship for the PIH head-to-boards reconstructions (R2 = 0.649). Resultant rotational acceleration had the strongest relationship for the medium compliance ram test (R2 = 0.671), the high compliance ram test (R2 = 0.850) and the PIH shoulder-to-head reconstructions (R2 = 0.763). The flat anvil drop test results indicate that falls on a flat, rigid surface induce primarily linear acceleration of the head. Standards should continue using this type of test to ensure helmets prevent skull fracture and focal TBI. Ice hockey helmets should also be evaluated using an angled anvil drop test and a collision ram test, representing two unique head impact events known to cause concussive injuries. The 45o Anvil Drop Test provided a closer representation of concussive head-to-boards impacts in PIH, with rotational velocity producing the strongest relationship with MPS. For collision impacts, the Medium Compliance Ram Test yielded repeatable impact conditions while the High Compliance Ram Test provided a closer representation of real-world concussive shoulder-to-head impacts. For these pneumatic ram tests, rotational acceleration produced the strongest relationship with MPS. The information in this thesis may be used by standards organizations when designing future ice hockey helmet tests.
Author: Andrew Meehan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Ice hockey helmets effectively mitigate the risk of skull fractures and focal traumatic brain injuries in professional ice hockey (PIH), but do not manage diffuse brain injuries such as concussion. This is due to current standard tests, which only represent one head impact event (a fall to the ice) and do not measure rotational head kinematics. It is important that helmets are evaluated using impact conditions that represent how players sustain concussions in ice hockey. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between three ice hockey helmet tests and reconstructions of three concussive injury events in PIH. A flat anvil drop test (representing head-to-ice impacts), angled anvil drop test (representing head-to-boards impacts at 30o and 45o) and pneumatic ram test (representing medium and high compliance shoulder-to-head impacts) were performed using parameters reflecting concussive injuries in PIH. Stepwise regressions identified the dynamic response variables producing the strongest relationships with MPS. For the flat anvil drop test, dominant linear acceleration had the strongest relationship with MPS (R2 = 0.960), while there were no significant predictors of MPS from the PIH head-to-ice reconstructions. Rotational velocity had the strongest relationship for the 30o (R2 = 0.978) and 45o Anvil Drop Tests (R2 = 0.977), while rotational acceleration had the strongest relationship for the PIH head-to-boards reconstructions (R2 = 0.649). Resultant rotational acceleration had the strongest relationship for the medium compliance ram test (R2 = 0.671), the high compliance ram test (R2 = 0.850) and the PIH shoulder-to-head reconstructions (R2 = 0.763). The flat anvil drop test results indicate that falls on a flat, rigid surface induce primarily linear acceleration of the head. Standards should continue using this type of test to ensure helmets prevent skull fracture and focal TBI. Ice hockey helmets should also be evaluated using an angled anvil drop test and a collision ram test, representing two unique head impact events known to cause concussive injuries. The 45o Anvil Drop Test provided a closer representation of concussive head-to-boards impacts in PIH, with rotational velocity producing the strongest relationship with MPS. For collision impacts, the Medium Compliance Ram Test yielded repeatable impact conditions while the High Compliance Ram Test provided a closer representation of real-world concussive shoulder-to-head impacts. For these pneumatic ram tests, rotational acceleration produced the strongest relationship with MPS. The information in this thesis may be used by standards organizations when designing future ice hockey helmet tests.
Author: Luc Champoux
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Current ice hockey helmets have successfully decreased the incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the sport; however, concussions are still a major issue (Goodman, D., Gaetz, M., and Meichenbaum, D., 2001). This may be due to helmets not being tested using rotational impacts and rotational measures which can be reflective of concussive impacts (CSA Z262.1-15). Meehan (MSc Thesis, 2019) proposed rotation dominant impacts that reflect concussive events experienced in ice hockey as a potential helmet testing protocol to improve the protective capacity of ice hockey helmets for concussion. The researchers reported a high compliance pneumatic ram test was the test most representative of shoulder to head concussive impacts in professional ice hockey however, it was not as repeatable as the medium compliance pneumatic ram test. For head impacts from falling into the boards, the 45° Anvil Drop test was closest to the mean 44° angle of impact for head to board events in professional ice hockey. These tests haven't been observed using multiple helmet designs to investigate their ability to distinguish between helmet performance. The objectives of this thesis were to 1) determine if the Medium and High Compliance Pneumatic Ram tests and the 45° Anvil Drop test produce different magnitudes of dynamic response and brain tissue strain and 2) determine if the tests have the ability to distinguish changes in helmet design. The Medium Compliance Pneumatic Ram test produced the highest magnitudes of dynamic head response and strain followed by the 45° Anvil Drop and then the High Compliance Pneumatic Ram test. When the helmet designs in each test were compared, the 45° Anvil Drop test reported the most conditions (21) where there were significant differences in the dependent variables between helmets. The Medium Compliance Pneumatic Ram test reported 10 conditions with significant differences detected and the High Compliance Pneumatic Ram test reported 8 conditions with significant differences between helmets. The most sensitive test protocol was the 45° Anvil Drop followed by the Medium Compliance then High Compliance Pneumatic Ram tests. The results showed that all of the tests produced different levels of rotational acceleration and MPS, which supports separate test protocols in terms of helmet testing standards. Information from this thesis can be used by standards organization to guide the development of ice hockey helmet testing standards.
Author: N. R. Coulson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biomechanik
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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In this study, the relationship between flagrant impacts to the head and peak translational and rotational accelerations in reconstructed ice hockey impacts was examined. A Hybrid III head-neck complex attached to a sliding table and equipped with nine accelerometers was fitted with an ice hockey helmet and impacted under various striking conditions through the head form's center of mass. Eight right-hand-dominant male ice hockey players carried out three maximal impacts for each of the striking techniques, and peak translational and rotational accelerations were measured. It was found that the highest mean translational and rotational accelerations were generated during the slashing trials to a static head form (138 g and 14, 100 rad/s2, respectively), while the lowest mean translational and rotational accelerations were produced in the static crosschecking (26.5 g) and moving crosschecking trials (2,260 rad/s2), respectively. The reconstruction of illegal impacts reflecting flagrant fouls in ice hockey can generate peak translational and rotational accelerations great enough to cause concussive injuries. Accordingly, these types of injurious infractions must be prevented.
Author: James Michio Hjalmar Clark
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Amber Giacomazzi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Concussion
Languages : en
Pages : 13
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This paper reports on the results of a study to determine the protective characteristics of ice hockey helmets when tested using two different methodologies. The first methodology involved a traditional monorail drop impact test commonly used in North American ice hockey helmet standards (i.e., ASTM F1045, CSA Z262.1). This involves a guided freefall test onto a flat anvil using an ISO headform fitted with a uniaxial accelerometer at its center of gravity. The second methodology involved striking a Hybrid III head and neck mounted to a linear bearing track with a pendulum impactor. The use of a linear bearing track permitted the Hybrid III headform to move freely following the initial impact. At the distal end of the pendulum, a flat steel anvil was used to represent the impacting object. This configuration was felt to represent a head check from an opposing player, believed to be one of the mechanisms of head injury in ice hockey. Linear and angular acceleration measurements were recorded for all pendulum tests. High speed video was used to capture all headform motion. A total of six different helmet models were evaluated using both test methodologies. Peak linear headform accelerations were compared between helmet models tested using the monorail drop system and the identical helmet model tested using the impact pendulum. The results showed significant differences between helmet models as well as between the two different test methodologies. The implications of these results relative to current ice hockey standards and relative to head injury in ice hockey are discussed.
Author: Alan B. Ashare
Publisher: ASTM International
ISBN: 0803124880
Category : Geometry
Languages : en
Pages : 317
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Author: Gabrielle Kosziwka
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Head injuries are a major health concern for sport participants as 90% of emergency department visits for sport-related brain injuries are concussion related (Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2016). Recently, reports have shown a higher incidence of sport-related concussion in female athletes compared to males (Agel et al., 2007). Few studies have described the events by which concussions occur in women's hockey (Delaney et al., 2014, Brainard et al., 2012; Wilcox et al., 2014), however a biomechanical analysis of the risk of concussion has not yet been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the riskiest concussive events in elite women's hockey and characterize these events through reconstructions to identify the associated levels of peak linear and angular acceleration and strain from finite element analysis. 44 head impact events were gathered from elite women's hockey game video and analyzed for impact event, location and velocity. In total, 27 distinct events based on impact event, location and velocity were reconstructed using a hybrid III headform and various testing setups to obtain dynamic response and brain tissue response. A three-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the influence of event, location and velocity. The results of this study show that head-to-ice impacts resulted in significantly higher responses compared to shoulder-to-head collisions and head-to boards impacts however, shoulder and boards impacts were more frequent. All events produced responses comparable to proposed concussion threshold values (Zhang et al., 2004). This research demonstrates the importance of considering the event, the impact characteristics, the magnitude of response, and the frequency of these impacts when attempting to capture the short and long term risks of brain trauma in women's hockey.
Author: Christopher Withnall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hockey
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Ice hockey helmets are certified to standards that include drop tests that limit linear acceleration imparted to a surrogate headform. Historically, this test has been successful as a measure of a helmet's ability to absorb energy and mitigate serious to severe head injury. However, new interest in concussions has demanded new test methods to address these brain injuries. Evolving research shows the importance of rotational kinematics in concussion and hence the desire for a rotational helmet impact test. The standard drop test simulates hard, flat surfaces in hockey such as the ice, boards, and glass. However, open ice collisions involving shoulder and elbow impacts are poorly defined in terms of surface stiffness, impact speed, and responding head kinematics. In this present work, we explore the feasibility of measuring these factors directly in a series of on-ice experiments using a Hybrid III pedestrian crash test dummy setup to resemble a hockey player. The dummy head was instrumented for linear and rotational accelerations. A special test fixture simulated a realistic hockey posture and head elevation. Two experienced adult male hockey players delivered a series of increasingly aggressive shoulder and elbow strikes to the helmeted dummy head at elevated skating speeds. Results showed that elbow strike acceleration and time duration were similar to a standard drop test at a lower drop height. Shoulder impacts were of longer time duration and could be simulated by a padded strike face added to a linear impactor helmet test apparatus. The linear impactor was set up with the same Hybrid III head and helmet from the on-ice experiments. Iterative tests were run to converge on the design of a padded face to match the shoulder response from the on-ice tests. This pilot program was shown to be a feasible approach toward developing a shoulder impact simulator, although limitations are discussed. These on-ice head impact data provide insight into the unique character of shoulder-to-head and elbow-to-head impacts. This new test method may provide a foundation for future ice hockey test standards.
Author: Cosmo R. Castaldi
Publisher: ASTM International
ISBN: 0803118732
Category : Hockey
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Author: Santiago de Grau Amezcua
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The effect of striking compliance in ice hockey impacts, and its influence on dynamic response and brain tissue strain was investigated in this study. In hockey, players can experience a broad range of striking/surface compliance during a head impact, from the stiff ice surface to highly compliant player collisions. An increase in striking compliance has been shown to extend the duration of an impact that is associated with an increase in risk of sustaining brain injuries. Three striking caps of low, medium, and high compliance were used to impact a helmeted 50th percentile Hybrid III male headform attached to an unbiased neckform. Each level of compliance was used to impact five high risk locations at three different velocities, representative of head impact scenarios in ice hockey. The dependent variables, peak resultant linear accelerations and peak resultant rotational acceleration as well as MPS, were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to determine if there were significant differences between the three controlled variables. The results demonstrate a significant effect of compliance, over the influence of velocity and acceleration. Conditions of low impact compliance resulted in higher response values compared to impacts of increased compliance. That being said, high compliance conditions remained in the range of concussion risk, even at the lowest velocity. The use of brain tissue modeling, compared to dynamic response alone, demonstrated an elevated risk of brain injury as a result of extended impact durations. Impact compliance in hockey is a factor that has not been considered when designing and testing helmet technology. The results of this study demonstrate that compliance is a determining factor in producing brain injury, and should be incorporated into helmet standard testing to mitigate risk. The results of this study have implications on brain injury risk that extend beyond the impacting scenarios of ice hockey. The results can be extrapolated to any contact sport that includes impacting scenarios against varied impacting compliances such as football and rugby.
