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Author: fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher: fib Fédération internationale du béton
ISBN: 2883941092
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
fib Bulletin 69 illustrates and compares major buildings seismic codes applied in the different Continents, namely U.S., Japan, New Zealand, Europe, Canada, Chile and Mexico. Bulletin 69 was prepared by Task Group 7.6 of fib Commission 7, under the leadership of the late Professor Robert (Bob) Park which, in tandem with Professor Paulay, had developed in the seventies new fundamental design concepts, most notably capacity design approach and structural design for ductility, that had made the NZ seismic Code the most advanced one of the time. This new approach has highly influenced the development of Eurocode 8, to which Bob Park has significantly contributed. Bob Park was also well informed of the situation in Japan, USA, Canada and South America. Such a wide view is reflected in Bulletin 69 showing similarities and differences among the major seismic codes, accompanied as far as possible by comments, hopefully useful for fostering international harmonization. A comprehensive summary of the major codes is provided in the first chapter of the bulletin. All codes are separately presented according to a common framework: an introduction section, which describes the history, the philosophy, the process development, the performance-based criteria, the strength of materials and the incorporation of strength reduction factors of each code; a second section devoted to the demand side, which specify the seismic design actions and associated criteria of each code for areas of different seismicity and for structures with different ductility properties/requirements; a third section devoted to the capacity side, which describes the capacities of members and joints and associated criteria of each code, including member strengths in flexure, shear and bars anchorage, desirable hierarchies of strength attainment, deformation capacities of mechanisms of inelastic deformation, detailing of beams, columns and structural walls, detailing of beam-column joints for shear and the detailing of diaphragms. The second chapter is devoted to the comparison of the more significant issues dealt in the considered codes. This includes: seismic design actions and associated criteria, capacity design practice, beams, columns, confinement, structural walls and joints. It is felt that fib Bulletin 69 represents a useful, unique instrument for rapidly gaining an overview of the distinguishing features of the major world codes, under both their conceptual framework and application rules.
Author: fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher: fib Fédération internationale du béton
ISBN: 2883941092
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
fib Bulletin 69 illustrates and compares major buildings seismic codes applied in the different Continents, namely U.S., Japan, New Zealand, Europe, Canada, Chile and Mexico. Bulletin 69 was prepared by Task Group 7.6 of fib Commission 7, under the leadership of the late Professor Robert (Bob) Park which, in tandem with Professor Paulay, had developed in the seventies new fundamental design concepts, most notably capacity design approach and structural design for ductility, that had made the NZ seismic Code the most advanced one of the time. This new approach has highly influenced the development of Eurocode 8, to which Bob Park has significantly contributed. Bob Park was also well informed of the situation in Japan, USA, Canada and South America. Such a wide view is reflected in Bulletin 69 showing similarities and differences among the major seismic codes, accompanied as far as possible by comments, hopefully useful for fostering international harmonization. A comprehensive summary of the major codes is provided in the first chapter of the bulletin. All codes are separately presented according to a common framework: an introduction section, which describes the history, the philosophy, the process development, the performance-based criteria, the strength of materials and the incorporation of strength reduction factors of each code; a second section devoted to the demand side, which specify the seismic design actions and associated criteria of each code for areas of different seismicity and for structures with different ductility properties/requirements; a third section devoted to the capacity side, which describes the capacities of members and joints and associated criteria of each code, including member strengths in flexure, shear and bars anchorage, desirable hierarchies of strength attainment, deformation capacities of mechanisms of inelastic deformation, detailing of beams, columns and structural walls, detailing of beam-column joints for shear and the detailing of diaphragms. The second chapter is devoted to the comparison of the more significant issues dealt in the considered codes. This includes: seismic design actions and associated criteria, capacity design practice, beams, columns, confinement, structural walls and joints. It is felt that fib Bulletin 69 represents a useful, unique instrument for rapidly gaining an overview of the distinguishing features of the major world codes, under both their conceptual framework and application rules.
Author: fib Fédération internationale du béton
Publisher: fib Fédération internationale du béton
ISBN: 2883941106
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 202
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Book Description
fib Model Code 2010 represents the state-of-the-art of code-type models for structural behaviour of concrete. It comprises constitutive relations and material models together with the most important explanatory notes. However the underlying normative work, i.e. the fundamental data as well as the considerations and discussions behind the formulas could not be given within the Model Code text. Based on various experiences gained after the publication of Model Code 1990 this lacking background information will lead in the following to numerous questions arising from Model Code users. Consequently the present bulletin claims to conquer this general weakness of codes in a way to guard against any future misunderstandings of the Model Code 2010 related to its chapter 5.1 (Concrete). It discusses the given formulas in connection with experimental data and the most important international literature. The constitutive relations or material models, being included in MC1990 and forming the basis and point of origin of the Task Group’s work, were critically evaluated, if necessary and possible adjusted, or replaced by completely new approaches. Major criteria have been the physical and thermodynamical soundness as well as practical considerations like simplicity and operationality. This state-of-the-art report is intended for practicizing engineers as well as for researchers and represents a comprehensible summary of the relevant knowledge available to the members of the fib Task Group 8.7 at the time of its drafting. Besides the fact that the bulletin is a background document for Chapter 5.1 of MC2010, it will provide an important foundation for the development of future generations of code-type models related to the characteristics and the behaviour of structural concrete. Further it will offer insights into the complexity of the normative work related to concrete modelling, leading to a better understanding and adequate appreciation of MC2010.
Author: fib Fédération Internationale du béton
Publisher: fib Fédération Internationale du béton
ISBN: 2883941114
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
Concrete is after water the second most used material. The production of concrete in the industrialized countries annually amounts to 1.5-3 tonne per capita and is still increasing. This has significant impact on the environment. Thus there is an urgent need for more effective use of concrete in structures and their assessment. The scope of activities of the fib Task Group 3.7 was to define the methodology for integrated life-cycle assessment of concrete structures considering main essential aspects of sustainability such as: environmental, economic and social aspects throughout the whole life of the concrete structure. The aim was to set up basic methodology to be helpful in development of design and assessment tools focused on sustainability of concrete structure within the whole life cycle. Integrated Life Cycle Assessment (ILCA) represents an advanced approach integrating different aspects of sustainability in one complex assessment procedure. The integrated approach is necessary to insure that the structure will serve during the whole expected service life with a maximum functional quality and safety, while environmental and economic loads will be kept at a low level. The effective application and quality of results are dependent on the availability of relevant input data obtained using a detailed inventory analysis, based on specific regional conditions. The evaluation of the real level of total quality of concrete structure should be based on a detailed ILCA analysis using regionally or locally relevant data sets.
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton
ISBN: 2883941297
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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Book Description
Cable-stayed structures have become increasingly popular over the last 30 years and have been used in all parts of the world. Modern cable-stayed bridges have a history of over 50-years and have been constructed with span lengths ranging from 15 m to over 1000 m. Many long span cable-stayed bridges have been built for railway and highway traffic applications. Stay cables have also been used on pedestrian structures, many of which are architecturally striking and have become landmark structures. There is growing use in building structures, particularly for cable-supported roofs. Most of the cable supported structures have been in the form of cable-stayed bridges; but in recent years, extradosed bridges have seen increased popularity among the designers. Led by the experience in Japan, more than 200 extradosed bridges have been constructed worldwide in the past 15 years. The first edition of these fib recommendations was published as fib Bulletin 30 in 2005 and was the first specification published by fib for stay cable systems. This new bulletin has been updated based on Bulletin 30 with the aim to reflect the current state of the art and encompass the latest knowledge in cable systems. In addition, it has been the aspiration of Commission 5 and Task Group 5.5 to harmonize the guidance in this updated bulletin with other stay cable recommendations from around the world, including those from Europe, Japan and the USA. This new bulletin is intended to supersede and replace fib Bulletin 30. It is recommended that it be used in lieu of fib Bulletin 30 for all future cable supported applications. The updated bulletin introduces several significant enhancements to the specifications: These recommendations are applicable to both stay cable and extradosed cable applications. In the past, there has been some debate over the boundary between cable-stayed and extradosed bridges. This bulletin presents a new continuous approach valid for both. A completely new testing requirement to assess the performance of cable systems under bending fatigue, including both anchorages and saddles, if applicable, has been added. Testing requirements for saddle systems have been reformulated. In addition to the bending fatigue test noted above, new testing procedures for stay cable saddles with isolated tensile elements are introduced. This includes tests for saddle axial fatigue, friction and tensile testing, and determination of the effective saddle friction coefficient. Expanded system qualification, including requirements for both stay cable and extradosed applications. Includes new provisions for MTE qualification and additional load transferring connection devices. Minimum number of tests is specified for each. A new in-situ damping measurement test has been added to verify the actual damping ratio of the damping devices installed. By testing on site, selected cables may be excited to vibrate without and with the damping devices so that the observed v vibration behaviour can be compared to the specified value. Other revisions have been made to reflect the current state of practice: Expanded quality control testing requirements Inclusion of epoxy-coated prestressing steel as a protection layer. Previous recommendations only considered zinc coatings. Specifications for epoxy coating material are given. Requirements for stainless steel components such as pipes, caps and plates Updated guidance for designing lightning protection systems Detailed recommendations for different levels of inspection of cable systems, including: initial, routine, detailed and exceptional inspections An updated list of references, relevant standards, and extended literature
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
ISBN: 2883941327
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 242
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Book Description
In December 1996, CEB established a Task Group with the main objective to elaborate design guidelines for the use of FRP reinforcement in accordance with the design format of the CEB-FIP Model Code and Eurocode2. With the merger of CEB and FIP into fib in June 1998, this Task Group became fib TG 9.3 FRP Reinforcement for concrete structures in Commission 9 Reinforcing and Prestressing Materials and Systems. Finally, as a result of the restructuring of fib’s Commissions and Task Groups at the end of 2014, the Task Group became fib T5.1 FRP Reinforcement for concrete structures, chaired by Stijn Matthys at Ghent University, in Commission 5 Reinforcements. The work of former TG 9.3 and current T5.1 was performed by two working parties (WP), one of which is “Externally Applied Reinforcement” (EAR), which produced fib bulletin 14 “Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures” in July 2001. Following a number of years of relatively slow activity, the WP on externally applied reinforcement was reactivated and started working on an update of bulletin 14. The result of this work is summarised in the present technical report, which aims to give design guidelines on the use of externally applied FRP reinforcement (both externally bonded and near-surface mounted) for concrete structures. An attempt has been made to present some of the topics in a Eurocode-compatible format, so that the material covered may form the basis for the introduction of composites in the next version of Eurocode 2 and for the updating of the text on seismic retrofitting with composites in the next version of Eurocode 8. All persons who participated in the preparation of this Bulletin are mentioned in the copyright page. Further acknowledgements are due to Josée Bastien (Canada), Hans Rudolf Ganz (Switzerland) and Luc Taerwe (Belgium) for revision of the document. To all members of the working party on externally applied reinforcement our sincere thanks are expressed for the high quality and extensive work brought in on a voluntary basis.
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
ISBN: 2883941572
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 338
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Book Description
The idea of preparing a technical document for the repairs and interventions upon concrete structures goes back to the former fib COM 5: Structural Service Life Aspects, being the goal of the then TG 5.9. After a long period of reduced activity, and taking into account the reorganization of fib commissions that meanwhile took place, on June 2017 a different approach was proposed to push forward the task of TG 8.1 (formerly TG 5.9). The (new) goal of TG 8.1 was to deliver a ‘how-to-do’ guide, gathering together protection, repair, and strengthening techniques for concrete structures. Chapters are intended to provide both guidelines and case-studies, serving as support to the application of fib MC 2020 pre-normative specifications. Each chapter was written by an editorial team comprising desirably at least a researcher, a designer and a contractor. Templates have been prepared in order to harmonize the contents and the presentation of the different methods. Following the writing process, chapters were reviewed by experts and, after amendments by the authors, they underwent a second review process by COM 8 and TG 3.4 members, as well as by different practitioners. For each protection, repair and strengthening method addressed in this guide, readers have a description of when to adopt it, which materials and systems are required, which techniques are available, and what kind of equipment is needed. It then presents a summary of stakeholders’ roles and qualifications, design guidelines referring to most relevant codes and references, the intervention procedure, quality control measures and monitoring and maintenance activities. Due to the extent of the guide, it was decided to publish it as bulletin 102, addressing protection and repair methods, and bulletin 103, addressing strengthening methods. We would like to thank the authors, reviewers and members of COM 8 and TG 3.4 for their work in developing this fib Bulletin, which we hope will be useful for professionals working in the field of existing concrete structures, especially those concerned with life-cycle management and conservation activities. As noted above, this Bulletin is also intended to act as a background and supporting document to the next edition of the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures, which is currently under development under the auspices of TG10.1 with the working title of ‘fib Model Code 2020’.
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
ISBN: 2883941351
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 219
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Book Description
Serviceability limit states are essential for appropriate function and durability of concrete structures. The attention is paid especially to the stress limitation, crack width analysis and deflection analysis. The document provides supplementary information to the fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010), where a limited space did not allow for a detailed description of individual procedures. The principles used in MC2010 in chapter 7.6 are explained in detail within this document. The stress analysis is focused on stresses in concrete and steel including the stress redistribution due to the long-term load and cracking of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete elements. Crack width analysis explains the mechanism of cracking under mechanical loading and due to deformation restraint. Cracks in prestressed concrete elements are also discussed. Deflection analyses with different levels of accuracy are described including the shear effects. Examples illustrate the practical application of rules defined in the MC2010 of individual serviceability limit states. Simplified and more general methods are used. An important part of the bulletin shows the development and extension of the serviceability limit states after publishing of the MC2010 and alternative approaches. Special attention is paid to deflections of prestressed concrete beams, shear effects on deflection, slenderness limits and influence of the concrete cover. The final part deals with an application of numerical simulations.
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
ISBN: 2883941556
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
The idea of preparing a technical document for the repairs and interventions upon concrete structures goes back to the former fib COM5: Structural Service Life Aspects, being the goal of the then TG5.9. After a long period of reduced activity, and taking into account the reorganization of fib commissions that meanwhile took place, on June 2017 a different approach was proposed to push forward the task of TG8.1 (formerly TG5.9). The (new) goal of TG 8.1 was to deliver a ‘how-to-do’ guide, gathering together protection, repair, and strengthening techniques for concrete structures. Chapters are intended to provide both guidelines and case-studies, serving as support to the application of fib MC2020 pre-normative specifications. Each chapter was written by an editorial team comprising desirably at least a researcher, a designer and a contractor. Templates have been prepared in order to harmonize the contents and the presentation of the different methods. Following the writing process, chapters were reviewed by experts and, after amendments by the authors, they underwent a second review process by COM8 and TG3.4 members, as well as by different practitioners. For each protection, repair and strengthening method addressed in this guide, readers have a description of when to adopt it, which materials and systems are required, which techniques are available, and what kind of equipment is needed. It then presents a summary of stakeholders’ roles and qualifications, design guidelines referring to most relevant codes and references, the intervention procedure, quality control measures and monitoring and maintenance activities. Due to the extent of the guide, it was decided to publish it as bulletin 102, addressing protection and repair methods, and bulletin 103, addressing strengthening methods. We would like to thank the authors, reviewers and members of COM8 and TG3.4 for their work in developing this fib Bulletin, which we hope will be useful for professionals working in the field of existing concrete structures, especially those concerned with life-cycle management and conservation activities. As noted above, this Bulletin is also intended to act as a background and supporting document to the next edition of the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures, which is currently under development under the auspices of TG10.1 with the working title of "fib Model Code 2020".
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
ISBN: 2883941637
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 326
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Book Description
Structural behavior of reinforced concrete elements strongly depends on the interaction between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete, which is generally referred as “bond in concrete”. In service conditions, the reinforcement-to-concrete bond governs deformability through the tension stiffening of concrete surrounding the bar as well the crack development and crack width. At Ultimate Limit State, bond governs anchorage and lap splices behavior as well as structural ductility. When plain (smooth) bars were used, the steel-to-concrete bond was mainly associated with “chemical adhesion/friction” that is related to the surface roughness of the rebar. As steel strengths increased the need to enhance interaction between steel and the surrounding concrete was recognized, and square twisted rebars, indented rebars or, later on, ribbed rebars came into the market, the latter being the type of deformed bar most commonly adopted since the 1960/70s. When ribbed rebars became widely used, several research studies started worldwide for better understanding the interaction between ribs and the surrounding concrete. Researchers evidenced the development of micro-cracks (due to the wedge action of the ribs) towards the external face of the structural element. If confinement is provided by the concrete cover, by transverse reinforcement or by an external transverse pressure, the full-anchorage capacity is guaranteed and a pull-out failure occurs, with crushing of concrete between the ribs. On the contrary, with lesser confining action, a splitting failure of bond occurs; the latter may provoke a brittle failure of the lap splice or, in some cases, of anchorages. However, after many years of research studies on bond-related topics, there are still several open issues. In fact, new materials entered into the market, as concrete with recycled aggregates or fibre reinforced concrete; the latter, having a kind of distributed reinforcement into the matrix (the fibres), provides a better confinement to the wedge action of the ribs. In addition, concrete and steel strength continuously increased over the years, causing changes in the bond behavior due to differences in mechanical properties of materials but also to the different concrete composition at the interface with the steel rebar causing a different bond behavior. Moreover, the lower water/cement ratio of these high-strength concrete makes the bleeding phenomena less evident, changing the concrete porosity in the upper layers of the structural element and thus making the current casting position parameters no-longer reliable. Finally, concrete with recycled aggregates are becoming more important in a market that is looking forward to a circular economy. As such, all the experimental results and database that allowed the calibration of bond rules now present in building codes for conventional concrete, may be not be representative of these new types of materials nowadays adopted in practice. Furthermore, after more than 50 years of service life, structural elements may not satisfy the current safety requirements for several reasons, including material degradation (with particular reference to steel corrosion) or increased loads, by also considering the seismic actions that were non considered by building codes at the time of the original design. The structural assessment of existing structures requires proper conceptual models and new approaches for evaluating the reliability of existing structures by also considering the remaining expected service life. In addition, specific rules for older materials, as plain smooth bars, should be revised for a better assessment of old structures. Last, but not least, interventions in existing structures may require new technologies now available such as post-installed rebars. While many advances have been achieved, there remain areas where a better understanding of bond and its mechanisms are required, and where further work is required to incorporate this understanding into safe and economic rules to guide construction and maintenance of existing infrastructures. These aspects were widely discussed within the technical community, particularly in the fib Task Group 2.5 and in the ACI 408 Committee dealing with bond and anchorage issues. Furthermore, special opportunities for discussing bond developments were represented by the International Conferences on ‘Bond in Concrete’ held each decade since 1982 as well as by joint workshops organized by fib TG2.5 and ACI 408. Within this technical collaboration, this Bulletin was conceived, and, thus, it collects selected papers presented at the joint fib-ACI Convention Session on Bond in Concrete held in Detroit (USA) in 2017. The bulletin is based on four main Sections concerning: - General aspects of bond - Anchorages and laps of bars and prestressing tendons - Bond under severe conditions - Degradation of bond for corrosion - Bond in new types of concrete The main aim of the Bulletin is to shed some new lights on the advances in understanding and application of bond related issues achieved over the last few years, and identify the challenges and priorities to be addressed in the next years. Another important aspect of the bulletin is to provide practical information from research findings.
Author: FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Publisher: FIB - International Federation for Structural Concrete
ISBN: 2883941432
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 131
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Book Description
This bulletin is a guidelines document for “Submerged Floating Tube Bridges”, that represents an innovation in Marine Concrete Structures. This theme is considered important for Commission 1 since in the future several applications are forecast in marine environments. Submerged Floating Tube Bridges are a solution that can be proposed to solve different problems in passing water constrains as lakes and fiords, reducing the impact and allowing several economic advantages. The guidelines certainly will boost the application of Submerged Floating Tube Bridges since the document is useful not only for designers but also for construction companies, owners and public administrations. As guidelines, the bulletin gives wide information on the design, construction and management of these structures, allowing all the users to be confident in promoting the use of Submerged Floating Tube Bridges.
