Circadian Rhythms and the Gut Microbiome in the Fruit Fly, Drosophila Melanogaster PDF Download
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Author: Isaiah Fitzmaurice
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Circadian rhythms (CRs) are 24-hour oscillations of physiological rhythms that regulate behavior, physiology, and metabolism in many organisms. CRs originate within an organism and are established via regular exposure to recurring stimuli such as sunlight. All organisms with an intestinal tract harbor a community of bacteria called the commensal gut microbiome (GM). The GM is largely influenced by the host CR and has been shown to cycle in mammals. Also, the GM has been shown to impact the expression of host circadian clock genes in mammals. These host-gut interactions have not been extensively studied in non-mammals. In our study, we documented the cycling of the GM and its impact on the host CR in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. To study the cycling of the GM, the guts of flies with a functional and non-functional circadian clock were wholly dissected out to examine rhythmic changes in taxa. To examine GM impact on the host CR, flies with and without a GM were examined for food-seeking behavior. We found that taxa in both genotypes cycled, but more taxa cycled in functional CR hosts than in nonfunctional, potentially indicating the host clock is not the only driver of rhythmicity. We also found that flies with and without a GM have differing time-of-day feeding preference, which may indicate the gut microbiome impacts the host CR to some degree.
Author: Isaiah Fitzmaurice
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Circadian rhythms (CRs) are 24-hour oscillations of physiological rhythms that regulate behavior, physiology, and metabolism in many organisms. CRs originate within an organism and are established via regular exposure to recurring stimuli such as sunlight. All organisms with an intestinal tract harbor a community of bacteria called the commensal gut microbiome (GM). The GM is largely influenced by the host CR and has been shown to cycle in mammals. Also, the GM has been shown to impact the expression of host circadian clock genes in mammals. These host-gut interactions have not been extensively studied in non-mammals. In our study, we documented the cycling of the GM and its impact on the host CR in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. To study the cycling of the GM, the guts of flies with a functional and non-functional circadian clock were wholly dissected out to examine rhythmic changes in taxa. To examine GM impact on the host CR, flies with and without a GM were examined for food-seeking behavior. We found that taxa in both genotypes cycled, but more taxa cycled in functional CR hosts than in nonfunctional, potentially indicating the host clock is not the only driver of rhythmicity. We also found that flies with and without a GM have differing time-of-day feeding preference, which may indicate the gut microbiome impacts the host CR to some degree.
Author: Reed M. O'Connor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Circadian systems drive daily oscillations in physiology in organisms from bacteria to humans. These oscillations are coordinated by specific changes in environmental cues, the most important of which is light. In animals, circadian regulation of brain function creates rhythmic patterns in behaviors like sleep. Circadian dysregulation is a common feature of many human diseases and environmental causes of circadian disruption increase susceptibility to many diseases including cancer. Importantly, circadian disruption is also commonly seen in hospitalized patients, which could have negative effects on health outcomes. Understanding the basic biology of circadian-regulatory systems and their physiological functions is essential for identifying the impact of circadian rhythms on human health. This dissertation describes a body of work using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to better understand circadian regulation and its impact on behavior and physiology.
Author: Philip Brandon Kidd
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 280
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Book Description
The circadian clock drives daily rhythms in many organisms and is a key regulator of diverse physiological functions, including metabolism, the immune system, and sleep. Circadian oscillators also have a variety of interesting dynamical properties, including spontaneous synchronization, entrainment by external stimuli, and temperature compensation of period. In this thesis, we first develop a variety of simple mathematical models, and then use those models to guide experimental work on two different aspects of circadian dynamics in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In the first set of experiments, we show that a carefully tuned light stimulus can disrupt the coherence of molecular circadian oscillations for several days, and use behavioral data to argue that this could be due to weak coupling between circadian neurons. In the second set of experiments, we use quantitative biochemical measurements to examine the mechanism of temperature compensation of the circadian period. We show that changes in temperature affect molecular oscillations by a simple rescaling of amplitude, and argue that this indicates that separate sub-processes of the circadian clock must be independently temperature compensated. We also investigate the mechanism of circadian temperature entrainment, and present evidence that the heat shock pathway is involved in communicating temperature to the circadian clock.
Author: Farzana Khan Perveen
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9535138537
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
This book contains 12 chapters divided into two sections. Section 1 is "Drosophila - Model for Genetics." It covers introduction, chromosomal polymorphism, polytene chromosomes, chromosomal inversion, chromosomal evolution, cell cycle regulators in meiosis and nongenetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila. It also includes ecological genetics, wild-type strains, morphometric analysis, cytostatics, frequencies of early and late embryonic lethals (EEL and LEL) and mosaic imaginal discs of Drosophila for genetic analysis in biomedical research. Section 2 is "Drosophila - Model for Therapeutics." It explains Drosophila as model for human diseases, neurodegeneration, heart-kidney metabolic disorders, cancer, pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, neuroprotective therapeutics, mitochondrial dysfunction and translational research. It also covers Drosophila role in ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) protein, eye development, anti-dUCH antibody, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). It also includes substrate specificities, kinetic parameters of recombinant glutathione S-transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7), detoxification and insecticidal resistance and antiviral immunity in Drosophila.
Author: David L. Denlinger
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108755186
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 465
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Book Description
Our highly seasonal world restricts insect activity to brief portions of the year. This feature necessitates a sophisticated interpretation of seasonal changes and enactment of mechanisms for bringing development to a halt and then reinitiating it when the inimical season is past. The dormant state of diapause serves to bridge the unfavourable seasons, and its timing provides a powerful mechanism for synchronizing insect development. This book explores how seasonal signals are monitored and used by insects to enact specific molecular pathways that generate the diapause phenotype. The broad perspective offered here scales from the ecological to the molecular and thus provides a comprehensive view of this exciting and vibrant research field, offering insights on topics ranging from pest management, evolution, speciation, climate change and disease transmission, to human health, as well as analogies with other forms of invertebrate dormancy and mammalian hibernation.
Author: Richard D. Cummings
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0080920055
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 507
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Book Description
The Handbook of Glycomics provides the first comprehensive overview of the emerging field of glycomics, defined as the study of all complex carbohydrates in an organism or cell ("the glycome"). Beginning with analytic approaches and bioinformatics, this work provides a detailed discussion of relevant databases, data integration, and analysis. It then moves on to a discussion of specific model organism and pathogen glycomes followed by therapeutic approaches to human disorders of glycosylization. Structure and function of glycomes are included along with state-of-the-art technologies and systems approaches to the analysis of glycans. - Synthesizes contributions from experts in biology, chemistry, bioinformatics, biotechnology, and medicine - Highlights chapters devoted to chemical synthesis, cancer glycomics and immune cell glycomics - Includes discussions of proteomics, mass spectrometry, NMR, array technology, and transcriptomics analytic approaches
Author: Satchin Panda, PhD
Publisher: Rodale Books
ISBN: 0593231880
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 199
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Book Description
Avoid, manage, and even reverse diabetes and prediabetes just by changing when—not what—you eat with this authoritative guide from the author of The Circadian Code. Today, one in ten Americans is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and one in three already has prediabetes. Prescription medications used to treat this chronic disease have unwanted side effects and at best, only manage the symptoms. What’s more, the restrictive dieting protocols used to manage diabetes are difficult to maintain over time. Yet the latest science shows that a simple approach that aligns your daily lifestyle—when you eat, sleep, and exercise—with your body’s inherent circadian rhythm can be just as effective. Best of all, following this program can enhance every other aspect of your health, from losing weight to boosting immunity. In The Circadian Diabetes Code, senior Salk Institute researcher and internationally-acclaimed author of The Circadian Code, Satchin Panda, Ph.D., shares his groundbreaking program. You will learn the best way to adopt intermittent fasting, the worldwide phenomenon that started in Dr. Panda’s lab, which has been used as an effective weight loss strategy for almost a decade. Now, you can use this same strategy to optimize your blood glucose response and naturally lower your risk for developing “the sinister friends of diabetes”: heart disease and obesity. The truth is, intermittent fasting is much easier that you think. You will learn how to: Identify your optimal eating zone Plan your meals according to your circadian rhythm Exercise at the right time to control blood glucose levels Get the best night’s sleep to reset your brain and body Optimally time medication, as needed And much more!
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0323853226
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
Reprogramming the Genome: Applications of CRISPR-Cas in Non-mammalian Systems, Part A presents a collation of chapters written by global, eminent scientists. CRISPR-Cas9 system is an RNA-mediated immune system of bacteria and archaea that protects from bacteriophage infections. It is one of the revolutionized technologies to uplift biology to the next stages. Chapters in this release include An Introduction and applications of CRISPR-Cas Systems, History, evolution and classification of CRISPR-Cas associated systems, CRISPR based bacterial genome editing and removal of pathogens, CRISPR based genome editing and removal of human viruses, CRISPR based development of RNA editing and diagnostic platform, and much more. Additional sections cover Genome engineering in insects for control of vector borne diseases, Development of insect cell line using CRISPR technology, CRISPRing protozoan parasites to better understand the biology of diseases, CRISPR based genome editing of Caenorhabditis elegans, and a variety of other important topics. - Offers a basic understanding and clear picture of genome editing CRISPR-Cas systems in different organisms - Explains how to create an animal model for disease diagnosis/research and reprogram CRISPR for removal of virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoan, and many more - Discusses the advances, patents, applications, challenges and opportunities in CRISPR-Cas9 systems in basic sciences, biomedicine, virology, bacteriology, molecular biology, and many more
Author: Eugene Rosenberg
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642216803
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 343
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Book Description
All animals and plants form associations with hundreds or thousands of different beneficial microorganisms. These symbiotic microbes play an important role in the development, adaptation, health and evolution of their hosts. This book brings together a group of diverse biologists to discuss microbial interactions with multicellular life forms including insects, corals, plants, and mammals, including humans. The various mechanisms by which microorganisms benefit their hosts are discussed, including providing essential nutrients, preventing disease, inducing the immune system, and combating stress. Since the microbiota can be transferred from parent to offspring, it plays an important role in the origin and evolution of animal and plant species. This book should be of interest to the widest range of biological scientists, merging the studies of host and microbial physiology, symbiosis, and the ecology and evolution of symbiotic partners.
Author: George Tsiamis
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889769798
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 465
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Book Description
Insects are by far the most diverse and abundant animal group with respect to the number of species globally, in ecological habitats and in biomass. The ecological and evolutionary success of insects depends in part on their countless relationships with beneficial microorganisms, which are known to influence all aspects of their physiology, ecology, and evolution. These symbiotic associations are known to: (a) enhance nutrient-poor diets, (b) aid digestion of recalcitrant food components, (c) protect from predators, parasites, and pathogens, (d) contribute to inter- and intraspecific communication, (e) affect efficiency as disease vectors and (f) govern mating and reproductive systems. Characterization, exploitation, and management of the insect-bacterial symbiotic associations can contribute significantly to the control of agricultural pests and disease vectors. Insects that depend exclusively on nutritionally restricted diets such as plant sap, vertebrate blood, and woody material, commonly possess obligate mutualistic endosymbionts involved in the provision of essential nutrients or in the degradation of food materials. These intracellular mutualists commonly have the following biological features: (a) they localize inside bacteriocytes, (b) are essential for fitness, (c) are maternally transmitted, and (d) display strict host-symbiont co-evolutionary patterns. In addition to obligate endosymbionts, many insects harbor bacteria that are not essential for their survival or fecundity and are typically maintained with a patchy distribution in host populations. Such symbionts can induce reproductive phenotypes in insect hosts, including male-killing, feminization, parthenogenesis or cytoplasmic incompatibility. Because these bacteria manipulate their host’s reproductive biology, they also likely accelerate host processes. As for essentially all animals, microbial communities are particularly prominent in the digestive tract, where they may be key mediators of the varied lifestyles of insect hosts. The contribution of microorganisms, particularly gut microorganisms, to insect function is highly relevant from several perspectives, linking to applications in medicine, agriculture, and ecology. Gut-associated microorganisms can include protists, fungi, archaea, and bacteria, but it is generally accepted that bacterial species dominate the microbial community in the guts of most insects. Gut-associated bacteria can influence: (a) vectoring efficiency, (b) developmental time, (c) decomposition of plant biomass and carbon cycle, (d) nitrogen fixation and nitrogen cycle, (e) mating incompatibilities, and (f) detoxification of pesticides leading to the acquisition of insecticide resistance.
