Characterization of Air- Sea Gas Exchange Processes and Dissolved Gas/ice Interactions Using Noble Gases PDF Download
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Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Author: Eda Maria Hood
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Book Description
In order to constrain the processes controlling the cycles of biogeochemically important gases such as 02 and C02, and thereby infer rates of biological activity in the upper ocean or the uptake of radiatively important "greenhouse" gases, the noble gases are used to characterize and quantify the physical processes affecting the dissolved gases in aquatic environments. The processes of vertical mixing, gas exchange, air injection, and radiative heating are investigated using a 2 year time-series of the noble gases, temperature, and meteorological data from Station S near Bermuda, coupled with a 1- dimensional upper ocean mixing model to simulate the physical processes in the upper ocean. The rate of vertical mixing that best simulates the thermal cycle is 1.1±0.1 x104 m The gas exchange rate required to simulate the data is consistent with the formulation of Wanninkhof (1992) to ± 40%, while the formulation of Liss and Merlivat 1986 must be increased by a factor of 1.7± 0.6. The air injection rate is consistent with the formulation of Monahan and Torgersen (1991) using an air entrainment velocity of 3±1 cm s1. Gas flux from bubbles is dominated on yearly time-scales by larger bubbles that do not dissolve completely, while the bubble flux is dominated by complete dissolution of bubbles in the winter at Bermuda. In order to obtain a high-frequency time-series of the noble gases to better parameterize the gas flux from bubbles, a moorable, sequential noble gas sampler was developed. Preliminary results indicate that the sampler is capable of obtaining the necessary data. Dissolved gas concentrations can be significantly modified by ice formation and melting, and due to the solubility of He and Ne in ice, the noble gases are shown to be unique tracers of these interactions. A three-phase equilibrium partitioning model was constructed to quantify these interactions in perennially ice-covered Lake Fryxell, and this work was extended to oceanic environments. Preliminary surveys indicate that the noble gases may provide useful and unique information about interactions between water and ice.
Author: Eda Maria Hood
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Gases, Rare
Languages : en
Pages : 498
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Book Description
In order to constrain the processes controlling the cycles of biogeochemically important gases such as 02 and C02, and thereby infer rates of biological activity in the upper ocean or the uptake of radiatively important "greenhouse" gases, the noble gases are used to characterize and quantify the physical processes affecting the dissolved gases in aquatic environments. The processes of vertical mixing, gas exchange, air injection, and radiative heating are investigated using a 2 year time-series of the noble gases, temperature, and meteorological data from Station S near Bermuda, coupled with a 1- dimensional upper ocean mixing model to simulate the physical processes in the upper ocean. The rate of vertical mixing that best simulates the thermal cycle is 1.1±0.1 x104 m The gas exchange rate required to simulate the data is consistent with the formulation of Wanninkhof (1992) to ± 40%, while the formulation of Liss and Merlivat 1986 must be increased by a factor of 1.7± 0.6. The air injection rate is consistent with the formulation of Monahan and Torgersen (1991) using an air entrainment velocity of 3±1 cm s1. Gas flux from bubbles is dominated on yearly time-scales by larger bubbles that do not dissolve completely, while the bubble flux is dominated by complete dissolution of bubbles in the winter at Bermuda. In order to obtain a high-frequency time-series of the noble gases to better parameterize the gas flux from bubbles, a moorable, sequential noble gas sampler was developed. Preliminary results indicate that the sampler is capable of obtaining the necessary data. Dissolved gas concentrations can be significantly modified by ice formation and melting, and due to the solubility of He and Ne in ice, the noble gases are shown to be unique tracers of these interactions. A three-phase equilibrium partitioning model was constructed to quantify these interactions in perennially ice-covered Lake Fryxell, and this work was extended to oceanic environments. Preliminary surveys indicate that the noble gases may provide useful and unique information about interactions between water and ice
Author: John H. Steele
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123785553
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 648
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Book Description
Elements of Physical Oceanography is a derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edition and serves as an important reference on current physical oceanography knowledge and expertise in one convenient and accessible source. Its selection of articles—all written by experts in their field—focuses on ocean physics, air-sea transfers, waves, mixing, ice, and the processes of transfer of properties such as heat, salinity, momentum and dissolved gases, within and into the ocean. Elements of Physical Oceanography serves as an ideal reference for topical research. References related articles in physical oceanography to facilitate further research Richly illustrated with figures and tables that aid in understanding key concepts Includes an introductory overview and then explores each topic in detail, making it useful to experts and graduate-level researchers Topical arrangement makes it the perfect desk reference
Author: Cara Charlotte Marie Manning
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chemical oceanography
Languages : en
Pages : 213
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Book Description
In this thesis, I use coastal measurements of dissolved O2 and inert gases to provide insight into the chemical, biological, and physical processes that impact the oceanic cycles of carbon and dissolved gases. Dissolved O2 concentration and triple isotopic composition trace net and gross biological productivity. The saturation states of inert gases trace physical processes, such as air-water gas exchange, temperature change, and mixing, that affect all gases. First, I developed a field-deployable system that measures Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe gas ratios in water. It has precision and accuracy of 1 % or better, enables near-continuous measurements, and has much lower cost compared to existing laboratory-based methods. The system will increase the scientific community’s access to use dissolved noble gases as environmental tracers. Second, I measured O2 and five noble gases during a cruise in Monterey Bay, California. I developed a vertical model and found that accurately parameterizing bubble-mediated gas exchange was necessary to accurately simulate the He and Ne measurements. I present the first comparison of multiple gas tracer, incubation, and sediment trap-based productivity estimates in the coastal ocean. Net community production estimated from 15NO –3 uptake and O2/Ar gave equivalent results at steady state. Underway O2/Ar measurements revealed submesoscale variability that was not apparent from daily incubations. Third, I quantified productivity by O2 mass balance and air-water gas exchange by dual tracer (3He/SF6) release during ice melt in the Bras d’Or Lakes, a Canadian estuary. The gas transfer velocity at >90% ice cover was 6% of the rate for nearly ice-free conditions. Rates of volumetric gross primary production were similar when the estuary was completely ice-covered and ice-free, and the ecosystem was on average net autotrophic during ice melt and net heterotrophic following ice melt. I present a method for incorporating the isotopic composition of H2O into the O2 isotope-based productivity calculations, which increases the estimated gross primary production in this study by 46–97%. In summary, I describe a new noble gas analysis system and apply O2 and inert gas observations in new ways to study chemical, biological, and physical processes in coastal waters.
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128130822
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 4318
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Book Description
The oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, and are critical components of Earth’s climate system. This new edition of Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Six Volume Set summarizes the breadth of knowledge about them, providing revised, up to date entries as well coverage of new topics in the field. New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and the cryosphere, climate and climate change, hydrothermal and cold seep systems. The structure of the work provides a modern presentation of the field, reflecting the input and different perspective of chemical, physical and biological oceanography, the specialized area of expertise of each of the three Editors-in-Chief. In this framework maximum attention has been devoted to making this an organic and unified reference. Represents a one-stop. organic information resource on the breadth of ocean science research Reflects the input and different perspective of chemical, physical and biological oceanography, the specialized area of expertise of each of the three Editors-in-Chief New and expanded sections include microbial ecology, high latitude systems and climate change Provides scientifically reliable information at a foundational level, making this work a resource for students as well as active researches
Author: P.S. Liss
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400971699
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 570
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Book Description
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Durham, New Hampshire, U.S.A., July 19-30, 1982
Author: Pete Burnard
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642288367
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
The twelve chapters of this volume aim to provide a complete manual for using noble gases in terrestrial geochemistry, covering applications which range from high temperature processes deep in the Earth’s interior to tracing climatic variations using noble gases trapped in ice cores, groundwaters and modern sediments. Other chapters cover noble gases in crustal (aqueous, CO2 and hydrocarbon) fluids and laboratory techniques for determining noble gas solubilities and diffusivities under geologically relevant conditions. Each chapter deals with the fundamentals of the analysis and interpretation of the data, detailing sampling and sampling strategies, techniques for analysis, sources of error and their estimation, including data treatment and data interpretation using recent case studies.
Author: Rachel H. R. Stanley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biogeochemical cycles
Languages : en
Pages : 225
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Book Description
The five noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon) are biologically and chemically inert, making them ideal oceanographic tracers. Additionally, the noble gases have a wide range of solubilities and molecular diffusivities, and thus respond differently to physical forcing. Tritium, an isotope of hydrogen, is useful in tandem with its daughter helium-3 as a tracer for water mass ages. In this thesis, a fourteen month time-series of the five noble gases, helium-3 and tritium was measured at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. The time-series of five noble gases was used to develop a parameterization of air-sea gas exchange for oligotrophic waters and wind speeds between 0 and 13 m s-1 that explicitly includes bubble processes and that constrains diffusive gas exchange to ± 6% and complete and partial air injection processes to ± 15%. Additionally, the parameterization is based on weeks to seasonal time scales, matching the time scales of many relevant biogeochemical cycles. The time-series of helium isotopes, tritium, argon, and oxygen was used to constrain upper ocean biological production. Specifically, the helium flux gauge technique was used to estimate new production, apparent oxygen utilization rates were used to quantify export production, and euphotic zone seasonal cycles of oxygen and argon were used to determine net community production. The concurrent use of these three methods allows examination of the relationship between the types of production and begins to address a number of apparent inconsistencies in the elemental budgets of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Author: Callan Krevanko
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Gas flux at high wind speeds is not fully understood, and bubbles are rarely accounted for in models of air-sea gas exchange. Observing noble gas fluxes under bubble-rich and high wind conditions provides needed insight into fundamental gas exchange laws. The noble gases are ideal tracers for measuring gas exchange because they are inert and only respond to physical forcing; their range of physical properties results in unique responses to environmental changes for each gas. To quantify the effect of physical processes on gas fluxes, we took discrete and continuous measurements of noble gas ratios at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science's SUrge STructure Atmospheric InteractioN (SUSTAIN) wind-wave tank. Over five days of experiments, we implemented 10-meter (U10) equivalent wind speeds ranging from 10-36 m s-1, water temperatures ranging from 18 to 27.5 degrees Celsius, and wave conditions including regularly breaking waves, irregularly breaking waves, and waves targeted to break at our sampling location. We used a Gas Equilibration Mass Spectrometer (GEMS) system to continuously measure noble gas ratios (with Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe), with a temporal resolution of ~15 minutes, during the experiments. The GEMS was calibrated using cold-welded copper tube discrete samples, which also yield concentrations of the noble gases, including helium. Bubbles were imaged during the experiments with a submerged shadowgraph, and physical parameters such as short-scale surface roughness, wave amplitude and water velocity were continuously monitored. Although the SUSTAIN tank cannot truly replicate oceanic processes, we can use the data to make direct links between physical conditions and gas fluxes. These links should prove useful to increasing our mechanistic understanding of air-sea gas exchange and improving gas transfer parameterizations, especially for bubble-rich and high wind conditions.
