Biological Role of Conceptus Derived Factors During Early Pregnancy in Ruminants PDF Download
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Author: Kelsey Brooks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
In cycling domestic animals, pregnancy loss during early gestation is a major cause of infertility. The majority of pregnancy loss during this time is due to errors in mitotic division early in development, or occurs later in gestation and is characterized by endometrial dysfunction, or asynchrony between the conceptus (embryo and trophectoderm) and uterus. During early pregnancy in sheep, endometrial functions are primarily regulated by ovarian progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) from the conceptus trophectoderm. In addition to IFNT, the conceptus as well as the endometrium synthesize prostaglandins (PGs) via prostaglandin synthase two (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1). The central hypothesis is that factors from the ovary (progesterone), the conceptus (interferon tau, prostaglandins, and cortisol) and endometrium (prostaglandins and cortisol) regulate endometrial function and conceptus survival and development in ruminants. This work tested that hypothesis that conceptus derived factors regulate gene expression changes in the trophectoderm which are essential for trophectoderm development and conceptus elongation in sheep. The hypothesis was addressed by determining the physiological roles of: (1) IFNT and interferon receptors 1 and 2 (IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in conceptus development; (2) PG signaling through peroxisome proliferator activator receptors delta (PPARD) and gamma (PPARG) in the elongating conceptus; (3) the cortisol converting enzymes HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in conceptus development; (4) the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in cortisol signaling during conceptus elongation. Gene knockout studies utilizing osmotic pumps to deliver morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, lentiviral transduction of shRNAs, and CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing were used to target the conceptus during elongation. Results of the studies established that: (1) IFNT is not only the maternal recognition of pregnancy signal, but is also required for conceptus elongation; (2) the IFN receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 are not important for autocrine based signaling to the conceptus trophectoderm during development; (3) PPARG, but not PPARD is essential for conceptus elongation; (4) PPARG regulated pathways are involved in lipid uptake and metabolism in the day 14 conceptus; (5) Regulation of intracellular cortisol levels by HSD11B1 is important for conceptus development; (6) inactivation of bioactive cortisol by the enzyme HSD11B2 is not essential for conceptus elongation, but is important for proper conceptus development; and (7) signaling through GR is not essential for conceptus development up to day 14 of pregnancy. Collectively, results of these studies support the idea that IFNT, PGs and cortisol are all important regulators of conceptus elongation during early pregnancy in ruminants. Knowledge gained from these studies provides new insight into the physiological pathways governing conceptus development and elongation. Information from these studies provides a foundation for future translational research that is necessary to increase fertility of domestic ruminants.
Author: Kelsey Brooks
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
In cycling domestic animals, pregnancy loss during early gestation is a major cause of infertility. The majority of pregnancy loss during this time is due to errors in mitotic division early in development, or occurs later in gestation and is characterized by endometrial dysfunction, or asynchrony between the conceptus (embryo and trophectoderm) and uterus. During early pregnancy in sheep, endometrial functions are primarily regulated by ovarian progesterone (P4) and interferon tau (IFNT) from the conceptus trophectoderm. In addition to IFNT, the conceptus as well as the endometrium synthesize prostaglandins (PGs) via prostaglandin synthase two (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1). The central hypothesis is that factors from the ovary (progesterone), the conceptus (interferon tau, prostaglandins, and cortisol) and endometrium (prostaglandins and cortisol) regulate endometrial function and conceptus survival and development in ruminants. This work tested that hypothesis that conceptus derived factors regulate gene expression changes in the trophectoderm which are essential for trophectoderm development and conceptus elongation in sheep. The hypothesis was addressed by determining the physiological roles of: (1) IFNT and interferon receptors 1 and 2 (IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) in conceptus development; (2) PG signaling through peroxisome proliferator activator receptors delta (PPARD) and gamma (PPARG) in the elongating conceptus; (3) the cortisol converting enzymes HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 in conceptus development; (4) the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in cortisol signaling during conceptus elongation. Gene knockout studies utilizing osmotic pumps to deliver morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, lentiviral transduction of shRNAs, and CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing were used to target the conceptus during elongation. Results of the studies established that: (1) IFNT is not only the maternal recognition of pregnancy signal, but is also required for conceptus elongation; (2) the IFN receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 are not important for autocrine based signaling to the conceptus trophectoderm during development; (3) PPARG, but not PPARD is essential for conceptus elongation; (4) PPARG regulated pathways are involved in lipid uptake and metabolism in the day 14 conceptus; (5) Regulation of intracellular cortisol levels by HSD11B1 is important for conceptus development; (6) inactivation of bioactive cortisol by the enzyme HSD11B2 is not essential for conceptus elongation, but is important for proper conceptus development; and (7) signaling through GR is not essential for conceptus development up to day 14 of pregnancy. Collectively, results of these studies support the idea that IFNT, PGs and cortisol are all important regulators of conceptus elongation during early pregnancy in ruminants. Knowledge gained from these studies provides new insight into the physiological pathways governing conceptus development and elongation. Information from these studies provides a foundation for future translational research that is necessary to increase fertility of domestic ruminants.
Author: Rodney D. Geisert
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319158562
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 271
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Book Description
Over the past few decades technological advances in transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics along with the ability to selectively knockout genes of interest has greatly advanced our understanding of maternal-conceptus interactions that are essential for the establishment and maintenance of a successful pregnancy. This knowledge provides a foundation from which to build research endeavors to help resolve infertility, embryonic loss and recurrent abortion in humans, captive wild animals and important farm species. The present volume on “Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals” brings together current reviews from leading experts to address the diversity of mechanisms by which species establish and maintain pregnancy. Implantation in rodents, dogs, pigs, cattle, sheep, horses, primates, humans and embryonic diapause in wild species are discussed. Reviews will provide current knowledge on the role of endometrial steroid receptors, adhesion factors, cytokines, interferons, steroids, prostaglandins, growth factors and immune cells involved with regulation of conceptus development.
Author: Julie Whelan
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470718145
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.
Author: Joanne Kwak-Kim
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030285869
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The endometrium goes through cyclical changes under the influence of hormones, and immune effectors in the endometrium change their populations cyclically as well. Dynamic changes in immune effectors determine endometrial cytokine and chemokine milieus and, consequently, the endometrial immune response. Endometrial immune responses have been shown to be important for trophoblast invasion and early pregnancy. Indeed, dysregulated endometrial inflammatory immune responses are associated with reproductive failures, such as recurrent pregnancy losses, repeated implantation failure, and gynecological diseases with oncogenic potential. Hence, the investigation of endometrial gene expression may predict infertility, gynecological and oncological conditions. This book presents the state of the art in endometrial gene expression as well as recent developmental findings relating to reproduction and reproductive disorders. It begins with a review of the genetic regulation of urogenital tract formation and molecular mechanism underlying the physiology of menstrual cycle before moving on to the current and emerging technological advances in molecular biology. Endometrial gene expressions of immune inflammatory conditions, viral infection, metabolic and nutritional conditions, and reproductive disorders are then presented in following chapters. Examples of the use and interpretation of gene expression in clinical scenarios including recurrent pregnancy losses, infertility and multiple implantation failures are presented with currently available endometrial gene analysis. Utilizing the latest evidence and clinical guidelines, Endometrial Gene Expression will be a cutting-edge resource for gynecologist, reproductive immunologist, reproductive endocrinologists, obstetrician, maternal fetal medicine specialist and other health care providers in the field of reproductive medicine.
Author: Fuller W. Bazer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461218047
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 579
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Book Description
A comprehensive, cutting-edge review of the complex interactions between maternal and fetal-placental tissues that control the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, the proper development of the fetus, the birth process, and the behavioral aspects of bonding between mother and newborn. Expert researchers review the endocrine and physiological events that culminate in the delivery of offspring, and provide a solid base of comparative information on the menstrual cycle of primates, including humans. They also discuss the sources and functions of both steroid and protein hormones from the placenta and the details of their effects on uterine function, placental development, fetal growth and well-being, and maternal responses to pregnancy. This book will become the standard reference source not only for reproductive scientists, but also for those clinicians who want better to understand the complex factors that affect pregnancy-and their pregnant patients.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030910159X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 791
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Book Description
The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems. Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.
Author: Rodney D. Geisert
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030773604
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 264
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Book Description
The present volume of the book series Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology brings together current reviews from leading experts to address the diversity of placentation by which species establish and maintain pregnancy. Development of viviparity and placentation in rodents, dogs, pigs, cattle, horses, marsupials, primates and elephants are discussed. The development of viviparity in mammals, including some invertebrate species, required the adaptation of the placenta to serve as a functional conduit for interplay between the semiallograftic fetus with the maternal uterus. Although the ‘placenta’ protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection and provides oxygen and nutrient flow to support it to term across all the species, structural differentiation of this fetal-maternal interface can vary from simple to very complex. E.C. Amoroso contributed greatly to our early understanding and knowledge of placentation across a great variety of species. His work on placentation provides numerous illustrations and histological sections which are used for teaching and stimulating research today. With this book, we want to pay tribute to his lifetime contributions to the field by reviewing our current understanding of the development of viviparity and placentation in different species. The book is written for researchers, physicians and medical students working in the field of reproductive science or with an interest in placentation and viviparity.
Author: Michael E. Symonds
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521887097
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 217
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Book Description
With the aim to improve clinicians' understanding of the important effects nutrition can have on maternal health and fetal and neonatal development, Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation defines the nutritional requirements with regard to the stage of development and growth, placing scientific developments into clinical context.
Author: J.M. Sreenan
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400950381
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 294
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Book Description
Reproductive wastage is a major inefficiency in all livestock production with embryonic mortality accounting for a major portion of this loss. Accordingly the Commission of the European Communities encouraged the organisation of a seminar on embryonic mortality in farm animals which was held in Brussels on the 11th and 12th of December 1984. This book contains the text of the papers, discussions and final summary presented at that Seminar. As a background to the Seminar, the extent and timing of embryonic loss was described for farm animals. Particular consideration was then given to the various mechanisms and signals, both embryonic and uterine in origin, that are so far known to be involved in the establishment of pregnancy. Possible causes of embryonic death including physiological, endocrinological, genetic and immunological components were outlined and discussed. The final summary contains general conclusions from the Seminar and recommendations for future research work on this topic. J.M. Sreenan M.G. Diskin July 1985. ******************** THE EXTENT AND TIMING OF EMBRYONIC MORTALITY IN THE COW J. M. Sreenan & M. G. Diskin, The Agricultural Institute, Belclare, Tuam, Galway, Ireland ABSTRACT The extent and timing of embryonic mortality in heifers, normal cows and repeat breeder cows has been reviewed.
Author: C.H. Knight
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 146151973X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
All being done, we went to Mrs Shipmans, who is a great butter-woman; and I did see there the most of milke and cream, and the cleanest, that I ever saw in my life (29 May 1661). Among others, Sir Wm. Petty did tell me that in good earnest, he hath in his will left such parts of his estate to him that could invent such and such things -as among others, that could discover truly the way of milk coming into the breasts of a woman ... (22 March 1665). My wife tells me that she hears that my poor aunt James hath had her breast cut off here in tow- her breast having long been out of order (5 May 1665). From the Diary of Samuel Pepys, published as The Shorter Pepys (edited by R. Latham), Penguin Books (1987) The long-standing ultimate importance of research on the mammary gland is illustrated by the importance attached to cows' milk for human consumption, to human lactation and to breast cancer by Samuel Pepys and his contemporaries in the middle of the 17th century. Research has tended to develop in isolation in these three areas of continuing contemporary importance largely because in most countries, the underlying science of agricultural productivity is funded separately from the underlying science of human health and welfare.
