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Author: Wahid H.S. Dakhel
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355133998
Category : Entomology
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) cause about 25 percent of the annual losses in available forages in the western United States (U.S). Biological control, or the use of microbial pathogens to control grasshopper pest infestations, is one of the leading alternatives to traditional chemical pesticides for crop and rangeland protection from these pests. Fungal pathogens are among the most commonly used agents in grasshopper biocontrol. Metarhizium acridum and Paranosema locustae are both fungal entomopathogens of grasshoppers. Another Metarhizium isolate, Metarhizium brunneum F52, has been registered in U.S., but for control of other insects. To assess the susceptibility of third instar nymphs of migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes, different treatments with two pathogens, M. brunneum F52 and P. locustae were applied on wheat bran bait alone, or in combination, in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions with three specific objectives: 1) to evaluate the effect of P. locustae combined with M. brunneum F52 versus each pathogen alone for control M. sanguinipes nymphs in the laboratory; 2) to evaluate the effect of P. locustae combined with M. brunneum F52 versus each pathogen alone for control M. sanguinipes nymphs in the greenhouse conditions; 3) to evaluate the virulence (speed of action) of these two pathogens, alone and in combinations. The results indicated that treatment with combination of pathogens at high and low concentrations generated respectively 76.7% and 75% mortality in grasshoppers after two weeks of exposure under laboratory conditions. In contrast, lower mortality was observed at high and low concentrations of M. brunneum F52 alone - 68% and 15%, respectively. There was no mortality in grasshoppers treated with P. locustae alone two weeks post-treatment. In the greenhouse, where the grasshoppers were exposed to sunlight and could thermoregulate to inhibit the fungal infection, combination of the two pathogens at high and low concentrations resulted in grasshopper mortality of 50% and 60%, respectively. In comparison, grasshoppers treated with M. brunneum F52 alone at high and low concentrations resulted in 45% and 20% respective mortality two weeks post-treatment. P. locustae alone caused very low grasshopper mortality only 16 days post-treatment. In both experiments, based on the speed of lethal action, the combination of M. brunneum F52 with P. locustae was more virulent to grasshoppers compared to the treatments of each fungus alone. In addition, the lowest concentration of this pathogen combination treatment produced a synergistic effect on nymphal mortality under greenhouse conditions. The tested pathogens appear promising for developing a biopesticide formulation for rangeland pest grasshopper control.
Author: Wahid H.S. Dakhel
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355133998
Category : Entomology
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) cause about 25 percent of the annual losses in available forages in the western United States (U.S). Biological control, or the use of microbial pathogens to control grasshopper pest infestations, is one of the leading alternatives to traditional chemical pesticides for crop and rangeland protection from these pests. Fungal pathogens are among the most commonly used agents in grasshopper biocontrol. Metarhizium acridum and Paranosema locustae are both fungal entomopathogens of grasshoppers. Another Metarhizium isolate, Metarhizium brunneum F52, has been registered in U.S., but for control of other insects. To assess the susceptibility of third instar nymphs of migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes, different treatments with two pathogens, M. brunneum F52 and P. locustae were applied on wheat bran bait alone, or in combination, in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions with three specific objectives: 1) to evaluate the effect of P. locustae combined with M. brunneum F52 versus each pathogen alone for control M. sanguinipes nymphs in the laboratory; 2) to evaluate the effect of P. locustae combined with M. brunneum F52 versus each pathogen alone for control M. sanguinipes nymphs in the greenhouse conditions; 3) to evaluate the virulence (speed of action) of these two pathogens, alone and in combinations. The results indicated that treatment with combination of pathogens at high and low concentrations generated respectively 76.7% and 75% mortality in grasshoppers after two weeks of exposure under laboratory conditions. In contrast, lower mortality was observed at high and low concentrations of M. brunneum F52 alone - 68% and 15%, respectively. There was no mortality in grasshoppers treated with P. locustae alone two weeks post-treatment. In the greenhouse, where the grasshoppers were exposed to sunlight and could thermoregulate to inhibit the fungal infection, combination of the two pathogens at high and low concentrations resulted in grasshopper mortality of 50% and 60%, respectively. In comparison, grasshoppers treated with M. brunneum F52 alone at high and low concentrations resulted in 45% and 20% respective mortality two weeks post-treatment. P. locustae alone caused very low grasshopper mortality only 16 days post-treatment. In both experiments, based on the speed of lethal action, the combination of M. brunneum F52 with P. locustae was more virulent to grasshoppers compared to the treatments of each fungus alone. In addition, the lowest concentration of this pathogen combination treatment produced a synergistic effect on nymphal mortality under greenhouse conditions. The tested pathogens appear promising for developing a biopesticide formulation for rangeland pest grasshopper control.
Author: C. J. Lomer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 414
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Grasshoppers
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Fernando E. Vega
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123849845
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 509
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Book Description
Insect Pathology, 2nd ed. Fernando E. Vega and Harry K. Kaya, Editors Foreword May Berenbaum Chapter 1. Scope and Basic Principles of Insect Pathology Harry K. Kaya and Fernando E. Vega Chapter 2 - History of Insect Pathology Elizabeth W. Davidson Chapter 3 - Principles of Epizootiology and Microbial Control David I. Shapiro-Ilan, Denny Bruck, and Lawrence A. Lacey Chapter 4 - Baculoviruses and Other Occluded Insect Viruses Robert Harrison and Kelli Hoover Chapter 5 - RNA Viruses Infecting Pest Insects Yan Ping Chen, James J. Becnel, and Steven M. Valles Chapter 6 - Fungal Entomopathogens Fernando E. Vega, Nicolai V. Meyling, Janet Jennifer Luangsa-ard, and Meredith Blackwell Chapter 7 - Microsporidian Entomopathogens Leellen F. Solter, James J. Becnel, and David H. Oi Chapter 8 - Bacterial Entomopathogens Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes and Trevor Jackson Chapter 9 - Wolbachia Infections in Arthropod Hosts Grant Hughes and Jason L. Rasgon Chapter 10 - Protistan Entomopathogens Carlos E. Lange ...
Author: T. M. Butt
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 9781845933005
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
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Book Description
There is increasing interest in the use of fungi for the control of pests, weeds and diseases. This book brings together perspectives from pathology, ecology, genetics, physiology, production technology, to address the use of fungi as biological control agents.
Author: Lawrence A. Lacey
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401715475
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 913
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Book Description
The 38 chapters of this Field Manual provide the tools required for planning experiments with entomopathogens and their implementation in the field. Basic tools include chapters on the theory and practice of microbial control agents, statistical design of experiments, equipment and application strategies. The major pathogen groups are covered in individual chapters (virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, nematodes). Subsequent chapters deal with the impact of naturally occurring and introduced exotic pathogens and inundative application of microbial control agents. The largest section of the Manual is composed of 21 chapters on the application and evaluation of entomopathogens in a wide range of agricultural, forest, domestic and aquatic habitats. Mites and slugs broaden the scope of the book. Supplementary techniques and media for follow-up laboratory studies are described. Three final chapters cover the evaluation of Bt transgenic plants, resistance to insect pathogens and strategies to manage it, and guidelines for evaluating the effects of MCAs on nontarget organisms. Readership: Researchers, graduate students, practitioners of integrated pest management, regulators, those doing environmental impact studies. The book is a stand-alone reference, but is also complementary to the laboratory-oriented Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology and similar comprehensive texts.
Author: S. K. Gangwere
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN: 9780851991412
Category : Orthoptera
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book presents a broad review of the biology of grasshoppers and plague locusts, as well as katydids, crickets, mantises and other economically important orthopteroid insects. While grasshopper and locust plagues have decreased recently in North America, they continue unabated in many other parts of the world, including South America, Australia, the Middle East, Africa and western and southern Asia. Similarly, katydids attack cereals, orchards and other cultivated vegetation, and crickets damage tea, coffee and tuber crops among other plants. There have been considerable advances in our knowledge of these groups since other books addressing this subject were published. These other books have also focused on a more limited range of taxa. This book is written from a broad, comparative biological, behavioral and evolutionary approach best expressed by the neglected term bionomics. It thus covers systematics, distribution, behavior, physiology and genetics, as well as pest control and conservation. Written by authorities from the USA, Canada, UK, Spain, Israel, South Africa, India and Russia, it represents a major work for entomologists and those concerned with crop protection from pest Orthoptera.
Author: Tarek Mohamed AbdelGhany
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781632780652
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Of the nearly one million known species of insects, about 15,000 species are considered pests and about 300 require some form of control. Fortunately, most insect pests have pathogenic microorganisms associated with them. There are two aspects of economic problems caused by insects.One concerns the loss of production that results from damage to crops and to the health of human and domestic animals, the other concerns the cost of attempt to prevent or control such production loses. At the same time with increasing agriculture, insects become more and more important competitors of human food damaging or even destroyingthe crops. Mosquitoes and black flies are a constant threat to health and comfort, yet the chemical pesticides used to control them have created serious ecological problems. Environmental and health concerns about the application of chemical insecticides to reduce large-scale insect pest infestations have led to renewed interest in the development of microbial agents for incorporation into integrated pest management strategies for the control of acridids.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Heikki M.T. Hokkanen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 940171441X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
Biological pesticides are increasingly finding therr place in IPM and increasing numbers of products are making therr way to the marketplace. Particularly in China, Latin America and Australia, implementation is proceeding on a large scale. However, in the USA and Europe, registration procedures for insect pathogens to be used for insect control have been established that requrre low levels of risk, resulting in costs of retarding the implementation of microbial agents. This book provides a review of the state of the art of studies on the envrronmental impact of microbial insecticides. It originates from a Society for Invertebrate Pathology Microbial Control Division Symposium .. Assessment of envrronmental safety of biological insecticides", organised in collaboration with the EU-ERBIC research project (FAIR5-CT97-3489). This symposium was initiated by Heikki Hokkanen and Chris Lomer, and was held at the SIP Annual Meeting in 2001 in The Netherlands. The emphasis in this book is on large scale use of microbial agents for insect control, demonstrating how this use has been proceeding with minimal envrron mental impact. This book is intended to be of use to regulatory authorities in determining whether further studies in eertain areas are necessary and how to conduct them if needed, or whether sufficient information has been collected already to permit fuH registration of many of these biological control agents.
