Author: Paul E. Steiger
Publisher: Committee to Protect Journalists
ISBN: 9780944823255
Category : Censorship
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Iraqi journalists are paying a terrible price to report on the conflict in their nation. They work in a climate of unrelenting danger, are routinely detained by U.S. forces without charge, and are murdered by insurgents.Attacks on the Press in 2005 recounts not only the evolving danger in Iraq --it analyzes press freedom conditions in every corner of world. Pervasive self-censorship has taken hold in Colombia and other Latin American countries where assaults and threats are commonplace. In the African nations of Zimbabwe and Ethiopia, more than 100 prominent journalists have been forced to flee their homelands as governments crack down on independent news media. From Mexico to Russia, lawless conditions allow journalists to be murdered with impunity. And in China and Cuba, dozens of journalists are in prison for the crime of expressing their views.Compiled annually by the Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press is the most authoritative reference guide to press freedom worldwide. The book provides factual and unbiased accounts of abuses and analyses of media conditions in dozens of nations.
Attacks on the Press in 2005
Author: Paul E. Steiger
Publisher: Committee to Protect Journalists
ISBN: 9780944823255
Category : Censorship
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Iraqi journalists are paying a terrible price to report on the conflict in their nation. They work in a climate of unrelenting danger, are routinely detained by U.S. forces without charge, and are murdered by insurgents.Attacks on the Press in 2005 recounts not only the evolving danger in Iraq --it analyzes press freedom conditions in every corner of world. Pervasive self-censorship has taken hold in Colombia and other Latin American countries where assaults and threats are commonplace. In the African nations of Zimbabwe and Ethiopia, more than 100 prominent journalists have been forced to flee their homelands as governments crack down on independent news media. From Mexico to Russia, lawless conditions allow journalists to be murdered with impunity. And in China and Cuba, dozens of journalists are in prison for the crime of expressing their views.Compiled annually by the Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press is the most authoritative reference guide to press freedom worldwide. The book provides factual and unbiased accounts of abuses and analyses of media conditions in dozens of nations.
Publisher: Committee to Protect Journalists
ISBN: 9780944823255
Category : Censorship
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Iraqi journalists are paying a terrible price to report on the conflict in their nation. They work in a climate of unrelenting danger, are routinely detained by U.S. forces without charge, and are murdered by insurgents.Attacks on the Press in 2005 recounts not only the evolving danger in Iraq --it analyzes press freedom conditions in every corner of world. Pervasive self-censorship has taken hold in Colombia and other Latin American countries where assaults and threats are commonplace. In the African nations of Zimbabwe and Ethiopia, more than 100 prominent journalists have been forced to flee their homelands as governments crack down on independent news media. From Mexico to Russia, lawless conditions allow journalists to be murdered with impunity. And in China and Cuba, dozens of journalists are in prison for the crime of expressing their views.Compiled annually by the Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press is the most authoritative reference guide to press freedom worldwide. The book provides factual and unbiased accounts of abuses and analyses of media conditions in dozens of nations.
Attacks on the Press
Author: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111936101X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 228
Book Description
The latest, definitive assessment of the state of free press around the world Attacks on the Press is a comprehensive, annual account of press conditions worldwide, focusing this year on the new face of censorship perpetrated by governments and non-state actors. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), the 2017 edition documents new dangers and threats to journalists and to the free and independent media. The risks are a combination of familiar censorship tactics applied in novel ways, and the exertion of pressure through unconventional means or at unprecedented levels. These censorship efforts range from withholding advertising to online trolling, website blocking to physical harassment, imprisonment to the murder of journalists. In the Americas, governments and non-state actors use new, sometimes subtle ways to limit journalists' ability to investigate wrongdoing. In Europe, authorities deploy intelligence services to intimidate the press in the name of national security. In Asia, governments block access to information online, and in some cases, punish those who manage to get around the obstacles. And throughout the world, terror groups are using the threat of targeted murder to compel journalists to refrain from covering crucial stories or otherwise self-censor. Attacks on the Press documents how these new forms of censorship are perpetrated and provides journalists with guidance on how to work around them, when possible, and how to ensure their own safety as well as the safety of their sources and people with whom they work. The book enables readers to: Examine the state of free media around the world Learn which nations violate press freedom with impunity Discover the most dangerous beats and regions Delve inside specific, increasingly complex challenges CPJ's mission is to defend the rights of journalists to report the news without fear of reprisal. Attacks on the Press provides a platform for direct advocacy with governments and the diplomatic community, for giving voice to journalists globally, and for ensuring that those journalists have a seat in discussions at the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the European Union, the African Union, and others.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 111936101X
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 228
Book Description
The latest, definitive assessment of the state of free press around the world Attacks on the Press is a comprehensive, annual account of press conditions worldwide, focusing this year on the new face of censorship perpetrated by governments and non-state actors. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), the 2017 edition documents new dangers and threats to journalists and to the free and independent media. The risks are a combination of familiar censorship tactics applied in novel ways, and the exertion of pressure through unconventional means or at unprecedented levels. These censorship efforts range from withholding advertising to online trolling, website blocking to physical harassment, imprisonment to the murder of journalists. In the Americas, governments and non-state actors use new, sometimes subtle ways to limit journalists' ability to investigate wrongdoing. In Europe, authorities deploy intelligence services to intimidate the press in the name of national security. In Asia, governments block access to information online, and in some cases, punish those who manage to get around the obstacles. And throughout the world, terror groups are using the threat of targeted murder to compel journalists to refrain from covering crucial stories or otherwise self-censor. Attacks on the Press documents how these new forms of censorship are perpetrated and provides journalists with guidance on how to work around them, when possible, and how to ensure their own safety as well as the safety of their sources and people with whom they work. The book enables readers to: Examine the state of free media around the world Learn which nations violate press freedom with impunity Discover the most dangerous beats and regions Delve inside specific, increasingly complex challenges CPJ's mission is to defend the rights of journalists to report the news without fear of reprisal. Attacks on the Press provides a platform for direct advocacy with governments and the diplomatic community, for giving voice to journalists globally, and for ensuring that those journalists have a seat in discussions at the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the European Union, the African Union, and others.
In Defense of Negativity
Author: John G. Geer
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226285006
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 221
Book Description
Americans tend to see negative campaign ads as just that: negative. Pundits, journalists, voters, and scholars frequently complain that such ads undermine elections and even democratic government itself. But John G. Geer here takes the opposite stance, arguing that when political candidates attack each other, raising doubts about each other’s views and qualifications, voters—and the democratic process—benefit. In Defense of Negativity, Geer’s study of negative advertising in presidential campaigns from 1960 to 2004, asserts that the proliferating attack ads are far more likely than positive ads to focus on salient political issues, rather than politicians’ personal characteristics. Accordingly, the ads enrich the democratic process, providing voters with relevant and substantial information before they head to the polls. An important and timely contribution to American political discourse, In Defense of Negativity concludes that if we want campaigns to grapple with relevant issues and address real problems, negative ads just might be the solution.
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226285006
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 221
Book Description
Americans tend to see negative campaign ads as just that: negative. Pundits, journalists, voters, and scholars frequently complain that such ads undermine elections and even democratic government itself. But John G. Geer here takes the opposite stance, arguing that when political candidates attack each other, raising doubts about each other’s views and qualifications, voters—and the democratic process—benefit. In Defense of Negativity, Geer’s study of negative advertising in presidential campaigns from 1960 to 2004, asserts that the proliferating attack ads are far more likely than positive ads to focus on salient political issues, rather than politicians’ personal characteristics. Accordingly, the ads enrich the democratic process, providing voters with relevant and substantial information before they head to the polls. An important and timely contribution to American political discourse, In Defense of Negativity concludes that if we want campaigns to grapple with relevant issues and address real problems, negative ads just might be the solution.
Al-Qaeda's Revenge
Author: Fernando Reinares
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 0231801408
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
In Al-Qaeda's Revenge: The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings, Fernando Reinares tells the story of "3/11" - the March 11, 2004, bombings of commuter trains in Madrid, which killed 192 people and injured more than 1,800. He examines the development of an al-Qaeda conspiracy in Spain from the 1990s through the formation of the 3/11 bombing network beginning in March 2002, and discusses the preparations for and fallout from the attacks. Reinares draws on judicial, police, and intelligence documents to which he had privileged access, as well as on personal interviews with officials in Spain and elsewhere. His full analysis links the Madrid bombings to al-Qaeda's senior leadership and unveils connections between 3/11 and 9/11. Al-Qaeda's Revenge, Spain's counterpart to The 9/11 Commission Report, was a bestseller in Spain.
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 0231801408
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
In Al-Qaeda's Revenge: The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings, Fernando Reinares tells the story of "3/11" - the March 11, 2004, bombings of commuter trains in Madrid, which killed 192 people and injured more than 1,800. He examines the development of an al-Qaeda conspiracy in Spain from the 1990s through the formation of the 3/11 bombing network beginning in March 2002, and discusses the preparations for and fallout from the attacks. Reinares draws on judicial, police, and intelligence documents to which he had privileged access, as well as on personal interviews with officials in Spain and elsewhere. His full analysis links the Madrid bombings to al-Qaeda's senior leadership and unveils connections between 3/11 and 9/11. Al-Qaeda's Revenge, Spain's counterpart to The 9/11 Commission Report, was a bestseller in Spain.
Attacks on the American Press
Author: Jessica Roberts
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
This authoritative annotated document collection surveys and explains efforts to censor, intimidate, suppress—and reform and improve—news organizations and journalism in America, from the newspapers of colonial times to the social media that saturates the present day. This primary source collection will help readers to understand how the press has been vilified (usually by powerful political or corporate interests) over the course of American history, with a special focus on current events and how these efforts to censor or influence news coverage often flout First Amendment protections concerning freedom of the press. Selected documents highlight efforts to intimidate, silence, condemn, marginalize, and otherwise undercut the credibility and influence of American journalism from the colonial era through the Trump presidency. Most of the featured documents focus on efforts borne out of self-interested attempts to shape or conceal news for political or economic gain or personal fame, but coverage also includes instances in which press actions, attitudes, or priorities deserved censure. All told, the collection will be a valuable resource for understanding the importance of a free press to American life (and the constitutional basis for preserving such), the motivations (both selfish and altruistic) of critics of American journalism from the earliest days of the Republic to today, and the impact of all of the above on American society.
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN:
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 538
Book Description
This authoritative annotated document collection surveys and explains efforts to censor, intimidate, suppress—and reform and improve—news organizations and journalism in America, from the newspapers of colonial times to the social media that saturates the present day. This primary source collection will help readers to understand how the press has been vilified (usually by powerful political or corporate interests) over the course of American history, with a special focus on current events and how these efforts to censor or influence news coverage often flout First Amendment protections concerning freedom of the press. Selected documents highlight efforts to intimidate, silence, condemn, marginalize, and otherwise undercut the credibility and influence of American journalism from the colonial era through the Trump presidency. Most of the featured documents focus on efforts borne out of self-interested attempts to shape or conceal news for political or economic gain or personal fame, but coverage also includes instances in which press actions, attitudes, or priorities deserved censure. All told, the collection will be a valuable resource for understanding the importance of a free press to American life (and the constitutional basis for preserving such), the motivations (both selfish and altruistic) of critics of American journalism from the earliest days of the Republic to today, and the impact of all of the above on American society.
Plan of Attack
Author: Bob Woodward
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1471104672
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 605
Book Description
Award-winning journalist Bob Woodward has spent over thirty years in Washington's corridors of power. In All the President's Men it was he, together with Carl Bernstein, who exposed the Watergate scandal and he has been giving us a privileged front-row seat to White-House intrigue and decision-making ever since. With PLAN OF ATTACK he brings his investigative skills to bear on the administration of George W. Bush, and the build-up to war in Iraq. What emerges is a fascinating and intimate portrait of the leading powers in Bush's war council and their allies overseas as they prepare their pre-emptive attack and change the course of history.
Publisher: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 1471104672
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 605
Book Description
Award-winning journalist Bob Woodward has spent over thirty years in Washington's corridors of power. In All the President's Men it was he, together with Carl Bernstein, who exposed the Watergate scandal and he has been giving us a privileged front-row seat to White-House intrigue and decision-making ever since. With PLAN OF ATTACK he brings his investigative skills to bear on the administration of George W. Bush, and the build-up to war in Iraq. What emerges is a fascinating and intimate portrait of the leading powers in Bush's war council and their allies overseas as they prepare their pre-emptive attack and change the course of history.
Attack the Messenger
Author: Craig Crawford
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 9780742538160
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 204
Book Description
These days the truth is hard to find. If the press is not beleived-or believable-because politicians have turned the public against it, then the press is not free, and without a free press, there is no democracy. Includes behind the scenes stories about reporters and politicians in conflict, an objective look at the ongoing debate over liberal and conservative bias in the news media, an engaging story of the Internet's positive and negative impact on the reliable flow of information, and a media resource guide to the best sources of objective reporting.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN: 9780742538160
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 204
Book Description
These days the truth is hard to find. If the press is not beleived-or believable-because politicians have turned the public against it, then the press is not free, and without a free press, there is no democracy. Includes behind the scenes stories about reporters and politicians in conflict, an objective look at the ongoing debate over liberal and conservative bias in the news media, an engaging story of the Internet's positive and negative impact on the reliable flow of information, and a media resource guide to the best sources of objective reporting.
Attacks on the Press
Author: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118611292
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 236
Book Description
The world's most comprehensive guide to international press freedom From Aleppo to Zacatecas, Beijing to Brasilia, the past decade has seen a sharp rise in the number of journalist imprisonments, assassinations, and disappearances worldwide. Caught between warlords and religious extremists, corrupt police and drug cartels, and hemmed in by increasingly oppressive censorship laws, journalists have never been at such peril, nor asked to pay such a high price for the ethical practice of their profession. Begun as a simple typewritten list in 1986, Attacks on the Press has grown to become the definitive annual assessment of press freedoms globally. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, it provides up-to-the-minute analyses of media conditions, press freedom violations, and emerging threats to journalists in every corner of the world. In this 2013 edition, you will find front-line reports and analytical essays by CPJ experts covering an array of topics of critical importance to journalists, including: Journalist casualties at the front lines of conflicts in Syria, Nigeria, Somalia, Afghanistan, and other global hot spots The curtailment of Internet freedoms across Southeast Asia, with an emphasis on the draconian measures now in place in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand The status of investigations into the disappearances of 35 journalists worldwide, and why more than half of those disappeared went missing in Mexico and Russia The rise in journalist imprisonments globally, the spate of new anti-terrorism laws that made it possible, and the example set by the U.S. government in the wake of 9/11 The state of journalistic freedoms in Iran since the Green Movement and the practice of summary imprisonment of Iranian journalists How the rise of mobile Internet technology and social media has engendered new dangers for journalists from both insurgent groups and the governments they are fighting In addition to being an invaluable source of timely information and guidance for media professionals, Attacks on the Press gives voice to journalists globally, providing them with a platform for direct advocacy with governments and a seat in discussions at the UN, OAS, EU, AU, and other official bodies.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118611292
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 236
Book Description
The world's most comprehensive guide to international press freedom From Aleppo to Zacatecas, Beijing to Brasilia, the past decade has seen a sharp rise in the number of journalist imprisonments, assassinations, and disappearances worldwide. Caught between warlords and religious extremists, corrupt police and drug cartels, and hemmed in by increasingly oppressive censorship laws, journalists have never been at such peril, nor asked to pay such a high price for the ethical practice of their profession. Begun as a simple typewritten list in 1986, Attacks on the Press has grown to become the definitive annual assessment of press freedoms globally. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, it provides up-to-the-minute analyses of media conditions, press freedom violations, and emerging threats to journalists in every corner of the world. In this 2013 edition, you will find front-line reports and analytical essays by CPJ experts covering an array of topics of critical importance to journalists, including: Journalist casualties at the front lines of conflicts in Syria, Nigeria, Somalia, Afghanistan, and other global hot spots The curtailment of Internet freedoms across Southeast Asia, with an emphasis on the draconian measures now in place in Vietnam, Malaysia, and Thailand The status of investigations into the disappearances of 35 journalists worldwide, and why more than half of those disappeared went missing in Mexico and Russia The rise in journalist imprisonments globally, the spate of new anti-terrorism laws that made it possible, and the example set by the U.S. government in the wake of 9/11 The state of journalistic freedoms in Iran since the Green Movement and the practice of summary imprisonment of Iranian journalists How the rise of mobile Internet technology and social media has engendered new dangers for journalists from both insurgent groups and the governments they are fighting In addition to being an invaluable source of timely information and guidance for media professionals, Attacks on the Press gives voice to journalists globally, providing them with a platform for direct advocacy with governments and a seat in discussions at the UN, OAS, EU, AU, and other official bodies.
Every Day Is Extra
Author: John Kerry
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
ISBN: 1501178970
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 640
Book Description
An instant New York Times bestseller, John Kerry’s revealing memoir offers “a detailed record of an important life…frank, thoughtful, and clearly written…A bittersweet reminder of what the country once demanded of its leaders” (The New York Times Book Review). Every Day Is Extra is John Kerry’s candid personal story. A Yale graduate, Kerry enlisted in the US Navy in 1966, and served in Vietnam. He returned home highly decorated but disillusioned, and he testified powerfully before Congress as a young veteran opposed to the war. Kerry was elected to the Senate in 1984, eventually serving five terms. In 2004 he was the Democratic presidential nominee and came within one state—Ohio—of winning. He succeeded Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State in 2013. In that position he tried to find peace in the Middle East; dealt with the Syrian civil war while combatting ISIS; and negotiated the Iran nuclear deal and the Paris climate agreement. “In these pages Kerry shows remarkable honesty, depth, even spirituality…There is remarkable poignancy—not the usual currency of the career politician and the country’s top diplomat” (The Boston Globe). A witness to some of the most important events of our recent history, Kerry tells wonderful stories about colleagues Ted Kennedy and John McCain, as well as President Obama and other major figures. He writes movingly of recovering his faith while in the Senate, and how he deplores the hyper-partisanship that has infected Washington. Every Day Is Extra “draws back the curtain on a life you thought you knew, but turns out to be a bit different…A surprisingly personal book” (The Washington Post) that shows Kerry for the dedicated, witty, and authentic man that he is and provides forceful testimony for the importance of diplomacy and American leadership to address the increasingly complex challenges of a more globalized world.
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
ISBN: 1501178970
Category : Biography & Autobiography
Languages : en
Pages : 640
Book Description
An instant New York Times bestseller, John Kerry’s revealing memoir offers “a detailed record of an important life…frank, thoughtful, and clearly written…A bittersweet reminder of what the country once demanded of its leaders” (The New York Times Book Review). Every Day Is Extra is John Kerry’s candid personal story. A Yale graduate, Kerry enlisted in the US Navy in 1966, and served in Vietnam. He returned home highly decorated but disillusioned, and he testified powerfully before Congress as a young veteran opposed to the war. Kerry was elected to the Senate in 1984, eventually serving five terms. In 2004 he was the Democratic presidential nominee and came within one state—Ohio—of winning. He succeeded Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State in 2013. In that position he tried to find peace in the Middle East; dealt with the Syrian civil war while combatting ISIS; and negotiated the Iran nuclear deal and the Paris climate agreement. “In these pages Kerry shows remarkable honesty, depth, even spirituality…There is remarkable poignancy—not the usual currency of the career politician and the country’s top diplomat” (The Boston Globe). A witness to some of the most important events of our recent history, Kerry tells wonderful stories about colleagues Ted Kennedy and John McCain, as well as President Obama and other major figures. He writes movingly of recovering his faith while in the Senate, and how he deplores the hyper-partisanship that has infected Washington. Every Day Is Extra “draws back the curtain on a life you thought you knew, but turns out to be a bit different…A surprisingly personal book” (The Washington Post) that shows Kerry for the dedicated, witty, and authentic man that he is and provides forceful testimony for the importance of diplomacy and American leadership to address the increasingly complex challenges of a more globalized world.
Attacks on the Press
Author: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119230942
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 134
Book Description
The definitive, comprehensive assessment of global press freedom Attacks on the Press is the definitive guide to the state of press freedom around the globe, with the 2016 edition focusing on gender-based threats to journalists and the media. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, this book contains a collection of analytical reports by freelance journalists and other experts who have an inside view of global media conditions and anti-press violations related to gender, including digital harassment, discrimination, restricted access to newsmakers, imprisonment, and physical and sexual attacks. It also provides guidance for dealing with such threats and restrictions, as well as potential solutions, including safety measures and direct advocacy with the diplomatic community on behalf of threatened journalists around the world, in keeping with CPJ's mission. Freedom of the press is essential to human rights, and encourages a strong civil society with healthy and sustainable social, political, and economic development. This guide publicly reveals the latest abuses against the press, providing a comprehensive guide to international press freedom, including: A survey of the current state of journalist safety around the globe An examination of repression tactics based on gender A compendium of countries seeking to undermine the freedom of the press Accounts of the latest censorship tactics journalists face every day Those who seek to expose injustices and spread information become easy targets under repressive regimes, during civil war, and in myriad other conditions that empower those who threaten freedom in any form. Attacks on the Press is intended to expose such abuses, particularly those that relate to gender, through comprehensive research and first-hand accounts, and to provide potential solutions.
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119230942
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 134
Book Description
The definitive, comprehensive assessment of global press freedom Attacks on the Press is the definitive guide to the state of press freedom around the globe, with the 2016 edition focusing on gender-based threats to journalists and the media. Compiled by the Committee to Protect Journalists, this book contains a collection of analytical reports by freelance journalists and other experts who have an inside view of global media conditions and anti-press violations related to gender, including digital harassment, discrimination, restricted access to newsmakers, imprisonment, and physical and sexual attacks. It also provides guidance for dealing with such threats and restrictions, as well as potential solutions, including safety measures and direct advocacy with the diplomatic community on behalf of threatened journalists around the world, in keeping with CPJ's mission. Freedom of the press is essential to human rights, and encourages a strong civil society with healthy and sustainable social, political, and economic development. This guide publicly reveals the latest abuses against the press, providing a comprehensive guide to international press freedom, including: A survey of the current state of journalist safety around the globe An examination of repression tactics based on gender A compendium of countries seeking to undermine the freedom of the press Accounts of the latest censorship tactics journalists face every day Those who seek to expose injustices and spread information become easy targets under repressive regimes, during civil war, and in myriad other conditions that empower those who threaten freedom in any form. Attacks on the Press is intended to expose such abuses, particularly those that relate to gender, through comprehensive research and first-hand accounts, and to provide potential solutions.