Author: Roseline Kahindi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Author: Balachandar Jayaraman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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In animals, dietary amino acids (AA) are primarily important for maintenance and protein accretion. However, under immune challenge conditions, AA metabolism was altered, resulting in AA being redistributed away from growth and production functions to immune functions. Moreover, the AA requirements for weaned piglets might be higher with antibiotic growth promoter (AGP)-free starter diets than the NRC requirements for piglets, particularly if they are exposed to immune challenge conditions. Therefore, this project aimed at determining the optimal standardized ileal digestible threonine:lysine ratio (SID Thr:Lys) and tryptophan:lysine ratio (SID Trp:Lys) in weaned piglets fed AGP-free diets and subjected to immune challenge conditions (sanitation and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC K88) models). The objective of study one was to determine the optimal SID Thr:Lys of weaned piglets fed AGP-free diets and reared under clean (CL) or unclean (UCL) conditions using growth as response criteria. An estimated SID Thr:Lys of 65% and 67% optimized feed efficiency for weaned pigs under CL and UCL conditions, respectively. The second study determined the optimal SID Trp:Lys in weaned piglets reared under CL or UCL conditions. Under CL conditions, the estimated optimal SID Trp:Lys for ADG was 19.7%, whereas under UCL conditions, these values were 20.5% and 19.0% for ADG and G:F, respectively. The third study was conducted to determine the optimal SID Trp:Lys and immune responses in weaned piglets fed AGP-free diets and challenged with ETEC K88. The optimal SID Trp:Lys determined using the linear-broken-line regression analysis for ADG and G:F was 21.7% and 20.1%, respectively. The objectives of the final experiment were to determine the optimal SID Thr:Lys and evaluate the effects of SID Thr:Lys on mucin gene expression and immune responses in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC K88. Based on ileal histomorphology as response criteria, the estimated optimal SID Thr:Lys was 65.6% in weaned piglets challenged with ETEC K88. In conclusion, weaned piglets raised under sub-optimal health conditions (E. coli K88) and fed AGP-free diets need greater dietary Thr:Lys and Trp:Lys requirements than reported by NRC (2012). Ensuring enough AA in AGP-free starter diets would support in maintaining good performance under sub-optimal health conditions.

Author: Jeremiah Eugene Nemechek
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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A total of 5,212 nursery pigs were used in 11 experiments to evaluate amino acids in nursery pig diets. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted to determine whether the Lys level fed during one phase of the nursery influenced the response to Lys during subsequent phases. Experiment 1 tested a wide range of dietary Lys in 2 phases and reported that pigs fed high Lys during each period had increased growth performance; however, compensatory growth occurred for the pigs previously fed low Lys diets, resulting in no impact on overall ADG or final BW. Experiment 2 tested a narrow range of dietary Lys in 3 phases and found that marginally deficient diets can be fed in the early nursery phases without influencing final BW or the response to Lys levels in subsequent phases. Both experiments demonstrate that the low dietary Lys levels used in each can be fed in the early nursery phases with no negative impact on overall nursery growth rate provided that adequate levels are fed thereafter. Experiments 3 to 6 were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 7- to 14-kg. Data from all experiments were combined and break-point and quadratic broken-line analysis was used to determine the estimated SID Lys requirement. The SID Lys requirement for optimal growth was at least 1.30% for ADG and 1.37% for G:F, or at least 3.86 and 4.19 g SID Lys/Mcal ME, respectively. Experiments 7 to 11 were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing specialty protein sources with crystalline AA and AA requirements for 7- to 12-kg pigs. Experiment 7 demonstrated that crystalline AA can be used to replace fish meal in diets with no negative effects on growth performance. Experiment 8 demonstrated that L-Trp, L-Val, and a source of non-essential AA were needed in low-CP, AA-fortified nursery diets to achieve maximum growth performance, whereas the addition of L-Ile was not required. Experiment 9 indicated that feeding greater than 7.35% total Lys:CP decreased growth performance and Exp. 10 indicated that a SID Val:Lys ratio of 65% was sufficient for optimal growth of early nursery pigs. Implementing the results from the previous experiments, Exp. 11 determined that crystalline AA in nursery pigs diets can replace high amounts of fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal when balanced for minimum AA ratios and maximum Lys:CP with no negative effect on growth performance.

Author: Lee I. Chiba
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119583896
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 757

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Sustainable Swine Nutrition As climate change continues to have a significant impact on the modern world, it is crucial to find alternative sources of energy and nutrients for swine production. The development of optimal feeding revolves around a multitude of considerations—genetic variations in the pig, variability, availability, and stability of nutrients in feed ingredients, interactions among nutrients and non-nutritive factors, voluntary feed intake, physical (& social) environment of pigs, and more. Establishing the ideal network of factors will only grow in importance as humans assess the methods for our own food networks. Sustainable Swine Nutrition is a comprehensive book on swine nutrition, covering some fundamental aspects of nutrition—namely digestive physiology, water, protein or amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, energy metabolism, vitamins, minerals, and nutrition and immunology. Providing the most up-to-date information on each of these areas, a major emphasis of this second edition is on recent developments and current advances in the field, with a focus on pertinent issues linked with energy and nutrients. In doing so, the book highlights topics and issues that can contribute to the ultimate goal of successful and sustainable swine production. Sustainable Swine Nutrition readers will also find: Environmentally friendly, optimal feeding strategies for successful and sustainable swine production Recent developments, such as alternative feedstuffs, feed additives, and bioavailability Expanded treatment and new chapters on swine physiology, energy and protein, technology, and more Sustainable Swine Nutrition, Second Edition, is an ideal resource for livestock scientists and industry professionals involved in all aspects of pork production.

Author: Sureemas Nitikanchana
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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A total of 8 experiments and a meta-analysis were performed with the overarching goal to improve amino acid and energy utilization in swine diets. The first experiment used a total of 255 nursery pigs to evaluate the optimum dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) tryptophan to lysine (Trp:Lys) ratio. Four experiments also were conducted using 6,668 finishing pigs to determine the effects of SID Trp:Lys ratio in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. A subsequent experiment evaluated the interaction between Trp and large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAA) on growth performance of early and late-finishing pigs. Lastly, data from 41 trials and 2 validation trials were used to develop a regression equations to predict ADG or gain to feed (G:F) as influenced by BW and net energy (NE) content in growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, the growth performance and economics indicated the optimum SID Trp concentration for 6-to 10-kg nursery pigs at 20.3% of Lys. In Exp. 2, 3, and 4, there were no differences in growth performance due to SID Trp:Lys ratio; however, increasing the SID Trp:Lys ratio suggested an opportunity to improve carcass yield and lean in pigs fed high levels of DDGS. Experiment 5 indicated an optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 20% for 71- to 127-kg pigs fed high level of DDGS. In Exp. 6, growth performance was unaffected by dietary treatment suggesting that 16.5% SID Trp:Lys was adequate to prevent a negative impact on growth when SID Trp:LNAA was as low as 3.0% in finishing period. Overall, the experiments suggested a higher optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio than is currently standard practice. The regression analysis from the meta-analysis showed that increasing dietary NE improved ADG and G:F. However, the magnitude of improvement will be minimized if the SID Lys concentration is limiting. The validation experiments indicated that the prediction equations provided a good estimation of growth rate and feed efficiency of growing-finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary NE except for pigs fed the diet with DDGS. These predictions of growth performance can then be used to model economic value of different dietary energy strategies.

Author: Renata Urbaityte
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736930003
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 142

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A cautious assessment of standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as a measure to describe AA bioavailabilities is critical for evaluating the protein value of feed ingredients for piglets. Estimates of SID have been generated for most feed ingredients for grower-finisher pigs, whereas corresponding values for piglets hardly exist. Until now, SID values determined in grower-finisher pigs are used in diet formulation for piglets as well. However, there is some concern that these values may not be valid in piglets due to a limited digestive capacity for feed protein in piglets. A guideline for the standardisation of the experimental procedure in digestibility experiments had already been proposed for grower-finisher pigs. These guidelines firstly include threshold levels for CP and AA in the assay diets to obtain so-called plateau apparent ileal digestibility values, which are independent of dietary CP and AA levels, and secondly values for IAALB. For piglets, similar guidelines, including dietary threshold levels and values for IAALB, have currently been established. Therefore, the objective of the thesis was, based on these guidelines, to determine SID of CP and AA in 24 assay feed ingredients, including 11 products from soybean processing, 7 by-products from starch processing, 2 fish meals and 4 whey proteins. For this purpose, a total of 4 digestibility experiments with piglets fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum was conducted. For each experiment, 14 barrows were weaned at 18 days of age. Each experiment consisted of 3 periods for digesta collection. A total of 24 semisynthetic cornstarch-based diets with various inclusion levels of casein were formulated to which 1 of the 24 assay feed ingredients each was added. The daily feed allowance was restricted to 30 g/kg of individual body weight throughout all experimental periods. The SID values were determined by difference to SID values in casein. The results of the present studies show large variations in SID values among differently processed soybean products (p0.05). The SID values in extruded soybeans (SBe) were lower compared to high-protein soybean meal (SBMhp), soy protein concentrate (SPC) or partially hydrolysed soy protein isolate (SPIh) (p0.05). Aqueous alcohol or water extraction in SPC or SPIh improved SID values compared to SBMhp (p0.05). The SID values among the 4 batches of SPC were similar (p0.05) and consistently high. Moreover, the SID values were similar in SPC and SPIh (p0.05). The SID values of in alternatively processed soy proteins including enzymatically fermented SPA and microbially fermented SPB, were inconsistent. For the 3 SPA products, SID increased numerically from values similar to SBMhp to values similar to SPC with increasing duration of enzymatic treatment. For SPB SID values were low and similar to SBe, which may be attributed to protein denaturation during microbial fermentation. The results of present study show for most AA similar SID values for all by-products of starch processing including pea protein (PeaP), wheat gluten (WG), corn gluten (CG), and potato protein (PotP) compared to SPC (p0.05) except for SID of Lys in WG and CG, and SID of Trp in CG were considerably lower compared to other products (p0.05). The particular low SID of Lys and Trp in WG and CG might be simply a reflection of an experimental error, because SID values by means of the difference method rely on sufficient high AA contribution levels to the assay diets, which was not achieved for the aforementioned AA. The results of the present study show that SID values in fish meal (FM1) and extracted fish meal (FM2e) vary considerably (p

Author: Chanwit Kaewtapee
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736985282
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 178

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During the last decade, the concept of standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) has been used in diet formulation for pigs. However, there is limited data on the nutritional composition and SID of CP and AA in home-grown European soybean and rapeseed products. For full-fat soybeans (FFSB), the presence of heat-labile trypsin inhibitors may cause problems in protein digestion of pigs. Therefore, the optimization of heat treatment for FFSB is a need to reduce trypsin inhibitor activity for improving SID of CP and AA. However, excessive heat treatment may have a negative effect on protein digestion. Furthermore, reducing dietary protein levels in combination with the supplementation of Bacillus spp. may reduce feed costs and improve pigs’ gut health. As a result of the present study, home-grown European soybean and rapeseed products can be considered as a suitable alternative to imported soybean products for pigs raised in organic and conventional farming systems. Wet heating at 100°C for 16 min, together with autoclaving at 110°C from 15 to 45 min reflects optimal heat treatment for FFSB resulting in greater SID of CP and AA with lower destruction of AA. Reducing the dietary CP level is an alternative strategy to improve SID of some AA, thereby decreasing feed cost and nitrogen excretion. The supplementation of Bacillus spp. promoted gene copy numbers of Roseburia spp., which may be beneficial due to ascribed health promoting properties of this butyrate producer.

Author: Pia Rosenfelder
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736949464
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 154

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Wheat is the primarily cereal grain produced within the European Union. Due to its high starch content it is the dominating energy feed ingredient in diets for pigs. However, due to its high dietary inclusion level wheat can also supply considerable high amounts of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) to the animal. Wheat co-products of bioethanol production are a valuable source of CP and AA in animal nutrition. Therefore, the objectives of the present thesis were to study the nutritive value of eight recently introduced wheat genotypes and of one liquid wheat co-product of bioethanol production for growing pigs. For this purpose a comprehensive analysis of nutrients in the assay feedstuffs was conducted and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in growing pigs was determined. There were significant differences in SID of CP and AA between the eight genotypes of wheat. However, digestibility values were lower when compared to literature data, leading to the assumption that data in actual feed tables might result in an overestimation of the protein value of wheat. The liquid wheat co-product is a valuable source of CP, AA and energy in diets for pigs. It is superior to dried bioethanol co-products as it is not exposed to excessive heat treatment during manufacturing resulting in greater digestibility values. In der Europäischen Union ist Weizen die am weitesten verbreitete Getreideart. Aufgrund seines hohen Stärkegehalts wird Weizen in Mastschweinerationen als Energiefuttermittel eingesetzt. Bei hohen Anteilen in der Gesamtration kann Weizen jedoch auch einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Deckung des Rohprotein- (XP) und Aminosäuren (AS)- Bedarfs des Tieres leisten. Nebenprodukte aus der Weizenverarbeitung bei der Bioethanolproduktion sind eine wertvolle Eiweißkomponente in der Tierernährung, dazu zählen Trocken- und Flüssigschlempen. Ziele dieser Arbeit waren die Bestimmung des Futterwerts von 8 aktuell verfügbaren Weizengenotypen sowie eines flüssigen Weizenschlempefutters für Mastschweine. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine umfangreiche Nährstoffanalyse der Versuchsfuttermittel durchgeführt, sowie die standardisierte praecaecale Verdaulichkeit (pcVQ) von XP und AS bei Mastschweinen untersucht. Es gab signifikante Unterschiede der pcVQ von XP und AS zwischen den 8 Weizengenotypen. Allerdings waren die Verdaulichkeitswerte geringer als in der Literatur angeben, so dass Daten aus aktuellen Futterwerttabellen möglicherweise den Proteinwert von Weizen überschätzen. Das flüssige Weizenschlempefutter stellt eine wertvolle XP-, AS- und Energiequelle für Schweine dar. Es ist Trockenschlempen im Nährwert überlegen, da es keiner intensiven Hitzeeinwirkung ausgesetzt ist und somit höhere Verdaulichkeitswerte aufweist.

Author: Anthony David Quant
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Lysine in animal nutrition
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: Miriam Goerke
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736948433
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 138

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Feed is the greatest single cost factor in pig production, and protein and energy accounts for the largest proportion of feed costs. Therefore, it is crucial that the protein and energy content of a diet is characterized in the best possible way. Over the past years, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) has been introduced into diet formulation for pigs in several countries. Moreover, different energy systems are available for feed evaluation including digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE). For soybean meal (SBM), the most commonly used feed ingredient in pig diets, tabulated values for SID of AA in addition to DE, ME or NE contents have been determined in grower-finisher pigs rather than weaned piglets. Due to the lack of separate feed tables for piglets, tabulated values originating from experiments with grower-finisher pigs are being used for diet formulation in piglet feeding, although post-weaning feed intake (FI) is highly variable and often lower than 3 times the maintenance energy requirement of weaned piglets. Thus, it remains open, if values obtained with grower-finisher pigs can be used for piglets as well. Furthermore, in grower-finisher pigs it has been shown that dietary inclusion of SBM sources of different origins may affect SID of CP and AA. The influence of SBM origin on SID of CP and AA in piglets has not been investigated so far. Therefore, the first objective of the present thesis was to determine SID of CP and AA in a large variety of SBM sources sourced from different countries, whereas the second and third objective was to investigate the effect of FI level on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of CP and AA, as well as on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of proximate nutrients and energy in weaned piglets. For this purpose, a digestibility experiment with a total of 36 (initial BW 5.6 kg) newly weaned pigs, surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, was conducted. The piglets were housed in metabolic crates, and were fed semi-synthetic diets based on cornstarch and 1 out of 18 different SBM batches originating either from Argentina (6 batches), Brazil (6 batches) or the United States (US; 6 batches). Diets were fed on three graded levels of FI corresponding to 30, 45 and 60 g per kg average body weight (BW) of piglets, equivalent to 50, 75 or 100 g/kg BW0.75 d or 1.9, 2.6 and 3.1 times the energy requirement for maintenance. The whole experiment was split in 3 consecutive parts with 12 piglets, each. Over the whole experiment, the piglets were randomly allocated to the different combinations of FI level and SBM, but balanced in order to achieve 3 identical experimental parts. Chapter 1 of the present thesis provides a brief introduction into the objective of this thesis, including background information on SBM production, composition, and a literature review about studies concerning the impact of SBM origin and the effect of FI level on nutrient digestibility in pigs. Chapter 2 includes information on the chemical composition and proximate constituents of the 18 SBM batches originating from Argentina, Brazil, or the US. The average content of CP was greater for Brazilian SBM (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the other 2 origins. Contents of most AA were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in Brazilian compared to Argentinean SBM batches. Amino acid contents in US SBM batches ranged between those from Argentina and Brazil. Average trypsin inhibitor activity was greatest (P ≤ 0.05) in Brazilian SBM. Mycotoxins were detected in 8 out of 18 SBM batches, but all mycotoxin levels were below their critical benchmarks. The contents of individual isoflavones varied considerably among SBM origins (P ≤ 0.05). The SID of Arg, Phe, Thr, Trp, Asp, Gly, and Ser were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for US compared to Argentinean SBM batches, and intermediate values were obtained for Brazilian SBM batches. The SID values were most variable within Argentinean SBM batches and most homogenous within US SBM batches, as indicated by a great and a small coefficient of variation, respectively. However, SID of CP and AA were not related to any of the analyzed chemical constituents. It was concluded that EU imports of SBM are generally of high quality. The obtained SID values contribute substantially to the expansion of databases on SID of CP and AA in SBM from the 3 major soybean-producing countries for piglets. However, SID values obtained with piglets were considerably lower compared with tabulated values originating from grower-finisher pigs. Thus, further studies are warranted to confirm that finally separate feed tables for ingredients used in diet formulation for piglets are required to account for these differences. In Chapter 3, the effect of 3 graded levels of FI on AID and SID of CP and AA in SBM based diets was determined in piglets. The AID and SID of most AA were quadratically affected by the FI level (P ≤ 0.05). Initially, both AID and SID of most AA increased up to 1.9 % units as the FI level was increased from 30 to 45 g/kg BW. Thereafter, these AID and SID values decreased by 2.6 and 2.7 % units, respectively, as the FI level was further increased from 45 to 60 g/kg BW. It was concluded that there is a significant effect of feed intake level, albeit of small magnitude, on AID and SID of CP and AA, which possibly has to be accounted for in feed tables, due to the high variability of voluntary FI post weaning. In Chapter 4, the effect of 3 graded FI levels on AID and ATTD of proximate nutrients and energy, as well as on estimates of dietary DE, ME and NE contents was investigated. Due to the graded level of FI, and thereby the graded intake of nutrients, ileal endogenous nutrient losses and/or total tract endogenous nutrient losses could be estimated by linear regression analysis, and true digestibility values as well as urinary endogenous N losses could be calculated. The AID of DM, N and energy as well as ATTD of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ether extract (EE) in the assay diets was not affected (P > 0.05) by FI level. However, there was a small decrease in ATTD of DM, N, OM, ash and energy, as well as in DE, ME and NE content in the assay diets (P