Another Way to Go? Some Implications of a Light-duty Diesel PDF Download
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
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Book Description
Conventional wisdom suggests that a large-scale shift from gasoline to diesel light-duty highway vehicles would have an impact on energy consumption, emissions and infrastructure. Under a relatively modest scenario, based upon French experience since 1970, a dieselization strategy could have displaced slightly more than half a quad of petroleum (3.7% of the energy consumed by light-duty vehicles) in 1992, while reducing CO, HC and NO(subscript x) emissions by 6.3, 0.8 and 0.09 million tonnes, and increasing SO(subscript x) and PM10 by 0.03 and 0.2 million tonnes, respectively. This displacement would have been achieved using diesel technology which is significantly less efficient than what is currently available and what may become available as a result of current research. Energy consumed in refining would also have been marginally reduced, although additional processing could have been required to increase the fraction of distillate and decrease that of gasoline. Finally, a shift to diesel could have broad implications on US and world oil markets, modifying crude oil supply-demand balances, and requiring a different mix of unit operations in domestic refineries which, in turn, could change the capital investment path of the industry which is currently geared to maximizing gasoline production. This analysis used the Integrated Market Penetration and Anticipated Cost of Transportation Technologies (IMPACTT) model and EPA's Mobile5a model. Petroleum displacement resulted from the increased thermal efficiency of diesel engines less that portion of gasoline comprised of non-petroleum-based additives for octane enhancement and/or oxygenation as mandated by law or regulation. Emissions reductions resulted from a combination of lower EPA-test emission factors for current-technology diesel engines, much slower in-use degradation of diesel as compared with gasoline vehicles, and relatively better emissions by older diesels as compared to older gasoline vehicles.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
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Book Description
Conventional wisdom suggests that a large-scale shift from gasoline to diesel light-duty highway vehicles would have an impact on energy consumption, emissions and infrastructure. Under a relatively modest scenario, based upon French experience since 1970, a dieselization strategy could have displaced slightly more than half a quad of petroleum (3.7% of the energy consumed by light-duty vehicles) in 1992, while reducing CO, HC and NO(subscript x) emissions by 6.3, 0.8 and 0.09 million tonnes, and increasing SO(subscript x) and PM10 by 0.03 and 0.2 million tonnes, respectively. This displacement would have been achieved using diesel technology which is significantly less efficient than what is currently available and what may become available as a result of current research. Energy consumed in refining would also have been marginally reduced, although additional processing could have been required to increase the fraction of distillate and decrease that of gasoline. Finally, a shift to diesel could have broad implications on US and world oil markets, modifying crude oil supply-demand balances, and requiring a different mix of unit operations in domestic refineries which, in turn, could change the capital investment path of the industry which is currently geared to maximizing gasoline production. This analysis used the Integrated Market Penetration and Anticipated Cost of Transportation Technologies (IMPACTT) model and EPA's Mobile5a model. Petroleum displacement resulted from the increased thermal efficiency of diesel engines less that portion of gasoline comprised of non-petroleum-based additives for octane enhancement and/or oxygenation as mandated by law or regulation. Emissions reductions resulted from a combination of lower EPA-test emission factors for current-technology diesel engines, much slower in-use degradation of diesel as compared with gasoline vehicles, and relatively better emissions by older diesels as compared to older gasoline vehicles.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Air quality management
Languages : en
Pages : 640
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Book Description
Author: Nicholas Askounes Ashford
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262012383
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 1125
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Book Description
The past twenty-five years have seen a significant evolution in environmental policy, with new environmental legislation and substantive amendments to earlier laws, significant advances in environmental science, and changes in the treatment of science (and scientific uncertainty) by the courts. This book offers a detailed discussion of the important issues in environmental law, policy, and economics, tracing their development over the past few decades through an examination of environmental law cases and commentaries by leading scholars. The authors focus on pollution, addressing both pollution control and prevention, but also emphasize the evaluation, design, and use of the law to stimulate technical change and industrial transformation, arguing that there is a need to address broader issues of sustainable development. Environmental Law, Policy, and Economics,which grew out of courses taught by the authors at MIT, treats the traditional topics covered in most classes in environmental law and policy, including common law and administrative law concepts and the primary federal legislation. But it goes beyond these to address topics not often found in a single volume: the information-based obligations of industry, enforcement of environmental law, market-based and voluntary alternatives to traditional regulation, risk assessment, environmental economics, and technological innovation and diffusion. Countering arguments found in other texts that government should play a reduced role in environmental protection, this book argues that clear, stringent legal requirements--coupled with flexible means for meeting them--and meaningful stakeholder participation are necessary for bringing about environmental improvements and technologicial transformations.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309373913
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 812
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Book Description
The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.
Author:
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Category : Environmental health
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Book Description
Author:
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Category : Delegated legislation
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Book Description
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 430
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Book Description
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 1332
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Book Description
Author: Krzysztof Biernat
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 953512269X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 194
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Book Description
The presented book provides an overview of the most widely used alternative fuels in the power supply systems in spark-ignition engines and compression-ignition engines, such as LPG, CNG and RME, including the assessment of their operational usefulness, especially in terms of environmental impact in urban traffic. The possibilities of optimizing the ignition processes in engines fueled by gas are presented. The monograph also contains the results of exploitation tests with an assessment of the environmental impact of fuels containing oxygen additives in diesel engines. The possibilities of producing a wide range of advanced alternative fuels (biofuels) with the use of microorganisms as raw materials are also presented.
