Author: U. S. Military
Publisher: Independently Published
ISBN: 9781730936814
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 78

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Book Description
China portrays the Belt and Road Initiative - an interconnected network of rail lines, oil and gas pipelines, roads, bridges, and port facilities designed to connect China with Central Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe - as an effort aimed at regional economic integration with win-win outcomes for every country involved. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative, consisting of rail lines, fiber optic cables, power plants, and the Gwadar Port facility. CPEC provides the most tangible infrastructure projects to evaluate. Critics argue that it is a Chinese neocolonial effort to exert Chinese influence and increase Chinese power globally, burdening poor and developing countries with dangerous amounts of debt. Chinese internal and external security concerns, such as violence in Xinjiang and the perceived "Malacca Dilemma," are also discussed as important drivers for the Belt and Road Initiative and CPEC. This thesis examines both economic and security arguments to address the question: What is the primary driver for China's Belt and Road Initiative and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor? The research shows that security is the primary driver for these projects. Economic considerations and benefits are also important to Chinese leaders, but security considerations trump economic ones.What drives China's Belt and Road Initiative? Is it economic, driven by China's desire and need to continue economic growth? Or is the BRI driven by China's need to maintain a firm grip on the southwestern provinces and perceived external security threats? Examining where China invests for these projects gives insights to the motivations. If the BRI and CPEC were purely economically driven as China claims, then Beijing would be investing in countries with investable grade credit ratings and where they would likely receive a safe return on investment. However, China is investing in countries with high risks of default on loans and who have credit ratings below investable grade, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), notably Pakistan, Venezuela, and Argentina. These high risk investments can threaten the viability of CPEC and BRI projects in the near and long term, as well as threaten to overburden the Chinese and recipient country's economy with non-performing loans and debt. This analysis of where China is investing points to a different driver, that of security concerns.The thrust of BRI out of China is focused on the southwest frontiers, an area which China has historically felt a shaky grip on power and an area China views as its "soft underbelly." Xinjiang, as well as Pakistan are of concern to Beijing as unrest and a shift in Uighur sentiment from secular to Islamist in Xinjiang is linked to Pakistan. An unstable Pakistan poses an increasing risk to China, not only because they share a border, but China perceives that Uighurs have and are traveling to Pakistan for radicalization and then return to Xinjiang and perpetuate acts of violence. Xi Jinping said that religious extremism is a direct threat to China, as extremists and separatists could flow into Xinjiang with a goal to weaken China. This focus on internal security was also included in Xi Jinping's 19th Party Congress speech. Internal security spending by China totaled nearly U.S.$200 billion in 2017, and while the largest amount of domestic security spending is focused on the Tibetan Autonomous Region, Xinjiang is second and saw a 92.8 percent increase between 2017 and 2018.I. INTRODUCTION * II. THE CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR * III. AN ANALYSIS OF SECURITY AS THE DRIVER * IV. ECONOMICS AS THE DRIVER FOR CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE * V. CONCLUSION

Author: Jawad Syed
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030189597
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 383

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Book Description
Bringing together a collection of interdisciplinary chapters on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), this book offers a comprehensive overview of the topic from a business and management perspective. With a focus on the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), Volume II provides theoretical and empirical analyses of the opportunities and challenges facing businesses. With contributions covering economics, agriculture, energy, value chain, ethics, governance, and security, this collection is a useful tool for academics as well as policy-makers and practitioners in China, Pakistan, and other countries along the new Silk Road.

Author: Joel Wuthnow
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781978092525
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 56

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Book Description
One of Chinese president Xi Jinping's signature foreign policy programs is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a web of infrastructure development plans designed to increase Eurasian economic integration. Chinese official rhetoric on the BRI focuses on its economic promise and progress, often in altruistic terms: all countries have been invited to board this "express train" to wealth and prosperity. Missing from the rhetoric is much discussion of the initiative's security dimensions and implications. Chinese officials avoid describing the strategic benefits they think the BRI could produce, while also gliding over major security risks and concerns. Yet at the unofficial level, China's security community has paid close attention to these issues, probing in great depth the gains Beijing can expect, the challenges it will face, and the new demands it will have to satisfy. Understanding those Chinese assessments is helpful as the United States considers how, when, and in what capacity to engage the BRI.

Author: S. Mahmud Ali
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030362442
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 344

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Book Description
This book examines the evolution and major elements of China’s Belt-and-Road Initiative (BRI), a trillion-dollar project for the revival and refinement of ancient terrestrial and maritime trade routes. The author analyses the foreign policy and economic strategy behind the initiative as well as the geoeconomic and geopolitical impact on the region. Furthermore, he assesses whether the BRI has to be considered as a challenge to the US-led order, leading to a Sinocentric order in the 21st century. Offering two case studies on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR), the book reveals the drivers motivating China and its partners in executing BRI projects, such as security of commodity-shipments, energy supplies, and explores trade volumes as well as the anxiety these trigger among critics. The book juxtaposes these to non-Chinese, specifically multilateral institutional and Western corporate, inputs into Beijing’s developmental planning-processes. It also identifies the role of combined Chinese-foreign stimuli in generating the policy priorities precipitating the BRI vision, and the geoeconomic essence of BRI’s implementation.

Author: Arshia Mukhtar
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000570266
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 122

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Book Description
The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship program of China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, created to boost economic cooperation between China and Pakistan with significant political and economic implications in the region. This book looks at critical issues when developing capabilities of cross-cultural management, adaptation and adjustment through cross-cultural understanding and network building from the CPEC case study. The book highlights the importance of acculturation experience, cross-cultural networking, networking behaviour (guanxi vs. hawala), and factors influencing cross-cultural adjustment, which would enhance the overall performance of ‘One Belt One Road’ projects in general. It looks at how the Chinese and Pakistani employees' national cultures affect their behaviour while working on the CPEC projects. The book offers insights into what cross-cultural adjustments are effective in creating improved individual and organizational performance. In an increasingly globalized world in which the practice of working with people from multiple cultural background is more of a norm, this book will be a useful reference for those who are interested to achieve success in multi-cultural settings.

Author: Bijan Omrani
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000428664
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 118

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Book Description
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s globe-girdling infrastructure and trade corridor project, is a rare watershed in international affairs. It affects, whether directly or indirectly, nearly the entire world, directly involving more than 60 countries, nearly 4.5 billion people (about two-thirds of the world’s population), up to $8 trillion, and around 40 per cent of the global economy. BRI also entails a rising power—perhaps the next superpower—endeavouring to build one of the biggest and most expensive super-projects the world has ever seen. If it achieves its potential, BRI could even pose a threat to the Bretton Woods global economic model that has prevailed since the end of World War II. BRI has the potential to change the world in a big way. And yet, the project also confronts security and financial challenges that are as serious as its potential is soaring. In this way, BRI is a topic that needs serious examination. This book features chapters on BRI prepared by top international scholars who have been tracking the project closely. The chapters assess the project’s impact across Asia, highlight its opportunities and challenges, and consider what might be in store in the future. The chapters in this book were first published as a special issue of the Asian Affairs.

Author: Jawad Syed
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030147223
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 277

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Book Description
Bringing together a collection of interdisciplinary chapters on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or also known as One Belt One Road), this book offers a comprehensive overview of the topic from a business and management perspective. With contributions from scholars based in Asia, Europe and North America, Volume I provides theoretical and empirical analysis of the opportunities and challenges facing businesses in relation to BRI. Key areas covered include economics and finance, history, trade, value chain and human resource and cross-cultural management, creating a useful tool for academics, as well as policy-makers and practitioners in China and other countries along the new Silk Road.

Author: Senate of the United States of America
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781081216696
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 196

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Book Description
This is an important report compilation of testimony at a 2018 hearing that assessed the status of China's Belt and Road initiative five years on, focusing on its economic, military, and geostrategic drivers and implications, as well as regional reactions and competing visions. The hearing also explored how China's Belt and Road initiative impacts U.S. economic and national security interests.Panel I: Mercantilism with Chinese Characteristics: Creating Markets and Cultivating Influence * 1. Nadege Rolland, Senior Fellow for Political and Security Affairs, National Bureau of Asian Research * 2. Jonathan Hillman, Fellow and Director, Reconnecting Asia Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies * 3. Randal Phillips, Managing Partner, Mintz Group * Panel II: The Geostrategic and Military Drivers and Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative * 4. Ely Ratner, Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies, Council on Foreign Relations * 5. Joel Wuthnow, Research Fellow, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, National Defense University.77 * 6. Daniel Kliman, Senior Fellow, Asia-Pacific Security Program, Center for a New American Security * Panel III: Regional Reactions and Competing Visions * 7. Andrew Small, Senior Transatlantic Fellow, German Marshall Fund of the United States * 8. Joshua Eisenman, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin * 9. Tobias Harris, Economy, Trade, and Business Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation USAChinese infrastructure projects have the potential to offload some of the excess industrial capacity currently weighing down China's economy. If executed well, they could provide crucial economic opportunities for developing countries around the world. They could also help burnish China's image as a responsible stakeholder and divert attention from more aggressive aspects of its foreign policy. On the other hand, poorly-run projects that prioritize Chinese gains at the expense of the host country's economy and citizenry would be no more than empty economic gestures, and could bring significant unpleasant reputational costs to Beijing. Perhaps more concerning, Chinese economic engagement could give way to dangerously lopsided bilateral relationships and create opportunities for Beijing to employ greater economic coercion against smaller partner countries.Security risks abound as well. For example, although the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is arguably the most well-developed and promising component of the Belt and Road Initiative, Pakistan has become one of the most dangerous countries in the world for Chinese workers and citizens. Despite-or perhaps because of-the enormity of the Belt and Road Initiative, some U.S. policymakers, businesses, and citizens have struggled to understand the breadth and depth of this effort. Today, we hope to shed light on the current status of the PRC's initiative and to consider whether and how it has the potential to reshape Eurasia and diminish our ability to positively influence events in Central, Southeast and South Asia.China does not have a monopoly on plans to facilitate connectivity and trade across Eurasia and the Indian Ocean region. During our hearing today, we will examine regional reactions to China's Belt and Road Initiative as well as competing visions for regional connectivity, which have existed long before the Belt and Road Initiative. For example, the United States launched the New Silk Road Initiative in 2011. Today, other regional powers, such as India and Japan, are actively promoting their own initiatives to bolster economic growth and infrastructure development. These efforts present opportunities for the United States to work with its allies and partners to provide complementary or alternative options to China's Belt and Road.

Author: Alessandro Arduino
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811071160
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 311

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Book Description
This collection explores the expansion of Chinese outbound investments, aimed to sustain the increased need for natural resources, and how they have amplified the magnitude of a possible international crisis that the People’s Republic of China may face in the near future by bringing together the views of a wide range of scholars. President Xi’s Belt and Road initiative (BRI), aimed to promote economic development and exchanges with China for over 60 countries, necessitates a wide range of security procedures. While the threats to Chinese enterprises and Chinese workers based on foreign soil are poised to increase, there is an urgent need to develop new guidelines for risk assessment, special insurance and crisis management. While the Chinese State Owned Enterprises are expanding their international reach capabilities, they still do not have the capacity to assure adequate security. In such a climate, this collection will be of profound value to policy makers, those working in the financial sector, and academics.

Author: Pascal Abb
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781032633398
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
"Pakistan occupies an elevated role in China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and hosts its 'flagship' project, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It has attracted the largest volume of investments under the BRI and opened itself comprehensively to its transformative potential. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of CPEC's impact on Pakistan's economy, politics, and society, covering its developmental benefits as well as resulting controversies. Interdisciplinary and international experts capture the complexity of CPEC, presenting new empirical data in the form of interviews, archival materials, and documentary evidence. Covering topics ranging from agriculture to the environment, gender to security, they focus on local outcomes challenging prevalent narratives about the BRI as a strategic, China-driven vehicle to transform other countries in its image. They argue that examples like CPEC should be understood as interactive processes between China and its international partners, which produce interdependent relations between them. Beyond the case of CPEC, these findings contribute to the burgeoning field of "Global China", through a comprehensive yet granular assessment of the first 10 years of the BRI's flagship project. This book will be of interest to scholars of area studies, regionalisation, international relations and development studies, as well as China studies and South Asia studies focused on the most important and far-reaching national-level implementation of the BRI to date"--