Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264196293
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 151
Book Description
This report provides information on the average tariff levels and on the use of tariff-rate quotas, export subsidies and export credits by selected OECD countries for temperate-zone agricultural products.
Agriculture and Trade Liberalisation Extending the Uruguay Round Agreement
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264196293
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 151
Book Description
This report provides information on the average tariff levels and on the use of tariff-rate quotas, export subsidies and export credits by selected OECD countries for temperate-zone agricultural products.
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264196293
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 151
Book Description
This report provides information on the average tariff levels and on the use of tariff-rate quotas, export subsidies and export credits by selected OECD countries for temperate-zone agricultural products.
Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round
Author: Merlinda D. Ingco
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Free trade
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Free trade
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
Agricultural Trade Negotiations
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural trade, International
Languages : en
Pages : 44
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural trade, International
Languages : en
Pages : 44
Book Description
Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round
Author: Merlinda Ingco
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by quot;dirty tariffication:quot; the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by quot;dirty tariffication:quot; the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Agricultural Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round: One Step Forward, One Step Back?
Author: D. Merlinda Ingco
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
August 1995 After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by dirty tariffication: the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
August 1995 After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by dirty tariffication: the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Implications of the Uruguay Round Agreement for South Asia
Author: Benoit Blarel
Publisher: Allied Publishers
ISBN: 9780821342756
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
Publisher: Allied Publishers
ISBN: 9780821342756
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 224
Book Description
Bibliography of Research Supporting the Uruguay Round of the GATT.
Author: Carl Mabbs-Zeno
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 20
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 20
Book Description
Agricultural Trade Negotiations
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : International trade
Languages : en
Pages : 26
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : International trade
Languages : en
Pages : 26
Book Description
The Uruguay Round
Author: Will Martin
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821334881
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 44
Book Description
This is a synopsis of the papers, feedback, and discussion from the World Bank's sec conference on the Uruguay Round and the developing economies held January 1995.
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821334881
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 44
Book Description
This is a synopsis of the papers, feedback, and discussion from the World Bank's sec conference on the Uruguay Round and the developing economies held January 1995.
The Multilateral Trade Agenda
Author: Joseph F. Francois
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commercial policy
Languages : en
Pages : 30
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Commercial policy
Languages : en
Pages : 30
Book Description