Author: Marcelino Madrigal
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821397346
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 126
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Book Description
The paper ‘Challenges and Approaches to Electricity Grids Operations and Planning with Increased Amounts of Variable Renewable Generation: Emerging Lessons from Selected Operational Experiences and Desktop Studies’ focuses on analyzing the impacts of variable renewable energy on the operation and planning of the the power system (mostly, generation system). It is aimed at informing stakeholders in power utilities, regulatory bodies and other relevant audiences, on the fundamentals of technical challenges and approaches to operate electricity grids with renewable energy. It covers renewable energy as a whole, but in particular, focusses on wind and solar energy. It also presents three case studies of countries, including China, Gemany and Spain. The total worldwide installed capacity of wind and solar projects is growing rapidly, and several countries are noticing increased penetrations of wind and solar in their electricity generation mix. In addition to operating experience being gained from adding wind and solar capacity, several grid integration studies have been performed that assess potential grid and operating impacts from adding higher amounts of wind and solar capacity. Perhaps just as important, the electric power industry and those that conduct research on grid integration have not found a maximum level of variable generation that can be reliably incorporated, and it is clear that it is as much an economic question (how much cost in additional reserves or grid impacts is acceptable) as a technical question regarding grid operators’ ability to adapt to the new challenges. In addition, while their contributions to capacity or “firm” power and associated costs are different from those of conventional power sources, variable renewable generation technologies can contribute to long-term system adequacy and security. The paper describes on the contribution of variable power sources to long-term supply adequacy requirements, i.e. how much sources like wind and solar power contribute to “firm supply” in a system. It also describes methods to find out to what extent they contribute and at what cost. It also aims at providing indicative answers to how costs to system operations be determined and when and how an integration study be done to estimate the short-term reserve costs of renewable energy. The concepts in the paper should be of interest, especially to grid planers. For grid operators, the paper summarizes a menu of strategies that the operational practices and desktop research tell about managing wind in a system at different levels of penetration. It also elucidates available strategies, amongst other crucial questions of operational impacts and challenges that operators need to be aware of, to integrate variable generation.
Author: Patrick T. Moseley
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0444626107
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 493
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Book Description
Electricity from renewable sources of energy is plagued by fluctuations (due to variations in wind strength or the intensity of insolation) resulting in a lack of stability if the energy supplied from such sources is used in ‘real time’. An important solution to this problem is to store the energy electrochemically (in a secondary battery or in hydrogen and its derivatives) and to make use of it in a controlled fashion at some time after it has been initially gathered and stored. Electrochemical battery storage systems are the major technologies for decentralized storage systems and hydrogen is the only solution for long-term storage systems to provide energy during extended periods of low wind speeds or solar insolation. Future electricity grid design has to include storage systems as a major component for grid stability and for security of supply. The technology of systems designed to achieve this regulation of the supply of renewable energy, and a survey of the markets that they will serve, is the subject of this book. It includes economic aspects to guide the development of technology in the right direction. Provides state-of-the-art information on all of the storage systems together with an assessment of competing technologies Features detailed technical, economic and environmental impact information of different storage systems Contains information about the challenges that must be faced for batteries and hydrogen-storage to be used in conjunction with a fluctuating (renewable energy) power supply
Author: Lawrence E. Jones
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0124081223
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 529
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Book Description
Renewable Energy Integration is a ground-breaking new resource - the first to offer a distilled examination of the intricacies of integrating renewables into the power grid and electricity markets. It offers informed perspectives from internationally renowned experts on the challenges to be met and solutions based on demonstrated best practices developed by operators around the world. The book's focus on practical implementation of strategies provides real-world context for theoretical underpinnings and the development of supporting policy frameworks. The book considers a myriad of wind, solar, wave and tidal integration issues, thus ensuring that grid operators with low or high penetration of renewable generation can leverage the victories achieved by their peers. Renewable Energy Integration highlights, carefully explains, and illustrates the benefits of advanced technologies and systems for coping with variability, uncertainty, and flexibility. Lays out the key issues around the integration of renewables into power grids and markets, from the intricacies of operational and planning considerations, to supporting regulatory and policy frameworks Provides global case studies that highlight the challenges of renewables integration and present field-tested solutions Illustrates enabling and disruptive technologies to support the management of variability, uncertainty and flexibility
Author: Godfrey Boyle
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136558756
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 237
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Book Description
Integrating intermittent renewable energy sources like wind into electricity systems must be one of the most misunderstood issues in energy policy. This edited volume brings together a unique series of authoritative articles on the topic. There should be no excuse for misunderstanding from now on. JIM SKEA, RESEARCH DIRECTOR, UK ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE The future design and operation of electric power systems with large injections of renewable energy generation is the subject of much debate, and some misunderstanding. This timely book, from a number of authors with expertise in the area, makes an important contribution to our understanding of this topic. NICK JENKINS, PROFESSOR OF ENERGY SYSTEMS, UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER We know the future will be different from the past. This book predicts how large proportions of renewable energy can be incorporated into electricity grids, without harm from the natural variability of these supplies. The chapter authors have different approaches and vision, yet the overall message is positive. Not only can we move to dominant use of renewable electricity, but we can do so utilizing many technological and efficiency improvements, with consumers benefiting from clean electricity at acceptable cost. PROFESSOR JOHN TWIDELL, GENERAL EDITOR, WIND ENGINEERING 'Anyone interested in renewable electricity will find this book an important reference. It answers many of teh questions so often raised in public debates' Sherkin Comment Can renewable energy provide reliable power? Will it need extensive backup? The energy available from wind, waves, tides and the sun varies in ways that may not match variations in energy demand. Assimilating these fluctuations can affect the operation and economics of electricity networks, markets and the output of other forms of generation. Is this a significant problem, or can these new sources be integrated into the grid system without the need for extensive backup or energy storage capacity? This book examines the significance of the issue of variability of renewable electricity supplies, and presents technical and operational solutions to the problem of reconciling the differing patterns of supply and demand. Its chapters are authored by leading experts in the field, who aim to explain and quantify the impacts of variability in renewable energy, and in doing so, dispel many of the myths and misunderstandings surrounding the topic.
Author: M. Kathiresh
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119750423
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WITH SMART GRID Provides comprehensive coverage of renewable energy and its integration with smart grid technologies. This book starts with an overview of renewable energy technologies, smart grid technologies, and energy storage systems and covers the details of renewable energy integration with smart grid and the corresponding controls. It also provides an enhanced perspective on the power scenario in developing countries. The requirement of the integration of smart grid along with the energy storage systems is deeply discussed to acknowledge the importance of sustainable development of a smart city. The methodologies are made quite possible with highly efficient power convertor topologies and intelligent control schemes. These control schemes are capable of providing better control with the help of machine intelligence techniques and artificial intelligence. The book also addresses modern power convertor topologies and the corresponding control schemes for renewable energy integration with smart grid. The design and analysis of power converters that are used for the grid integration of solar PV along with simulation and experimental results are illustrated. The protection aspects of the microgrid with power electronic configurations for wind energy systems are elucidated. The book also discusses the challenges and mitigation measure in renewable energy integration with smart grid. Audience The core audience is hardware and software engineers working on renewable energy integration related projects, microgrids, smart grids and computing algorithms for converter and inverter circuits. Researchers and students in electrical, electronics and computer engineering will also benefit reading the book.
Author: Jay Apt
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317907671
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 361
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Book Description
The integration of renewable energy resources into the electricity grid presents an important challenge. This book provides a review and analysis of the technical and policy options available for managing variable energy resources such as wind and solar power. As well as being of value to government and industry policy-makers and planners, the volume also provides a single source for scientists and engineers of the technical knowledge gained during the 4-year RenewElec (renewable electricity) project at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Vermont, Vermont Law School, and the Van Ness Feldman environmental law firm. The first part of the book discusses the options for large scale integration of variable electric power generation, including issues of predictability, variability, and efficiency. The second part presents the scientific findings of the project. In the final part, the authors undertake a critical review of major quantitative regional and national wind integration studies in the United States. Based on comparisons among these studies, they suggest areas where improvements in methods are warranted in future studies, areas where additional research is needed to facilitate future improvements in wind integration studies and how the research can be put into practice.
Author: Naga Srujana Goteti
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Energy storage
Languages : en
Pages : 113
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Book Description
"The electricity sector contributes to a quarter of global greenhouse emissions, and managing its evolution is a critical sustainability challenge. The context for the development and operation of electricity grids has dramatically changed in recent years. Wind and solar power have become much less expensive. Lower costs combined with increased policy action to address carbon emissions is leading to substantial shares of electricity generated by intermittent renewables. Maintaining a stable electricity supply with intermittency is a critical challenge; storage and natural gas are possible solutions. While policymakers promote storage as green grid technology, low-cost natural gas from hydrofracturing extraction raises the economic hurdle for storage. Researchers have developed complicated energy system models to help plan grids in the face of the above trends. The research in this dissertation introduces new modeling features that affect the economic and environmental outcomes of the adoption of renewable and storage technologies. First, prior models that explore the future build-out of electricity grids are nearly always deterministic, i.e., they assume that decision-makers have perfect information. Here a stochastic optimization grid expansion model is developed that presumes that expected future fluctuations, e.g. in fuel prices, influence build-out decisions. This stochastic model thus includes uncertainty and risk as core elements: Grid build-out depends on the distribution of system costs. A genetic algorithm with Monte-Carlo simulation is used for co-optimization using two objective functions: "risk-neutral," which optimizes to minimize average system cost and "risk-averse," which optimizes to minimize average of the top 5% of costs (also called 95% Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR)). This model is tested for the US Midwest regional grid. The results show that the risk-averse scenario does not increase mean system costs but adds significantly more wind. These results corroborate prior work showing that electricity system costs can be surprisingly inelastic to renewable adoption and further introduces quantification of how increased renewables lowers cost risk. Second, the economic and environmental performance of storage is complicated by how its introduction affects the operation of both renewable and fossil plants. In this dissertation, a model is developed that accounts for how storage operation would affect prices on the grid and in turn, the operational schedule that yields optimal revenue. Results from modeling the US Midwest region shows that this treatment of storage as a "price maker" affects results. The model indicates that storage increases carbon emissions when it enables a high emissions generator, such as a coal plant, to substitute for a cleaner plant, such as natural gas. In this case, low cost; efficient natural gas generation is relatively better than coal to realize emissions reductions with storage under economic arbitrage until renewables dominate the grid mix. Third, the operational strategies of energy storage alter the generation and profits of the other electricity generation systems. The operational effects of storage on the change in generation is investigated for all the eGRID subregions across the US based on actual historical electricity prices and the generation mix for the year 2016. Results show that storage increases the coal generation and affects the natural gas generation in the west - except in California and the Midwest regions of the US; and increases the generation of the natural gas in the eastern US regions. California, upstate New York and New England regions show an exception with an increase in natural gas generation and decrease in coal generation. The model also investigates the operational effects of storage on the profits of other generating units in California, Midwest and New York regions. Profits of other generating units are significantly affected when large capacities of storage operate as price-makers. Coal has a small increase in profits by 2% and all the other fuels continue to see a decline in profits in New York and the Midwest regions. The decrease in profits of the other generating units is because of the offset/retirements of the peaker natural gas plants that set the electricity prices. On the other hand, in California, the profits for renewables increase from the increase in electricity clearing prices set by the natural gas combined cycle plants to meet the additional demand from the storage charging."--Abstract.
Author: Fereidoon Sioshansi
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0123864534
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 569
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Book Description
The creation of a flexible, efficient, digitized, dependable and resilient power grid may well be the best route to increasing energy efficiency & security, as well as boosting the potential of renewable & distributed power sources. This book covers smart grids from A-Z, providing a complete treatment of the topic, covering both policy and technology, explaining the most recent innovations supporting its development, and clarifying how the smart grid can support the integration of renewable energy resources. Among the most important topics included are smart metering, renewable energy storage, plug-in hybrids, flexible demand response, strategies for offsetting intermittency issues, micro-grids for off-grid communities, and specific in-depth coverage of wind and solar power integration. The content draws lessons from an international panel of contributors, whose diverse experiences implementing smart grids will help to provide templates for success. Provides critical information on the technological, design and policy issues that must be taken into account to ensure that the smart grid is implemented successfully Demonstrates how smart grids can help utilities adhere to increased renewable portfolio standards Provides examples of successful microgrid/smart metering projects from around the world that can act as templates for developers, operators and investors embarking upon similar projects
Author: Thomas A. Deetjen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 456
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Book Description
Environmental policies, reduced manufacturing costs, and technology improvements have all contributed to the growing installation of wind turbines and solar photovoltaic arrays in the electric grid. While these new sources of renewable electrical power provide environmental and economic benefits to the electric grid, they also complicate the balancing of supply and demand required to reliably operate the grid. The seasonal, daily, and sub-hourly fluctuations in the energy output of wind and solar generators must be compensated by operating the existing power plant fleet more flexibly or by providing more flexible sources of electricity demand. This dissertation categorizes and quantifies this compensation by studying the "flexibility requirements'' imposed by wind and solar generation, approximates the economically optimal capacities of regional wind and solar resources in the grid, and explores the ability of a central utility plant to add a flexible source of demand to the electric grid system. These topics are covered in the four chapters described below. Chapter 3 utilizes a unit commitment and dispatch (UC&D) model to simulate large solar generation assets with different geographic locations and orientations. The simulations show the sensitivity of the wholesale energy price, reserve market prices, total dispatch cost, fuel mix, emissions, and water use to changes in net load flexibility requirements. The results show that generating 22,500 GWh of solar energy in a 2011 simulation of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) reduces total dispatch cost by approximately $900 Million (a 10.3% decrease) while increasing ancillary services costs by approximately $10 Million (a 3% increase). The results also show that solar PV reduces water consumption, water withdrawals, and CO2, NO [subscript x], and SO [subscript x] emissions. Installing sufficient solar panel capacity to generate that much electricity also reduces peak load by 4% but increases net load volatility by 40--79% and ramping by 11--33%. In addition, west-located, west-oriented solar resources reduce total dispatch cost more than the other simulated solar scenarios. The west-located, west-oriented solar simulation required greater system flexibility, but utilized more low-cost generators and fewer high-cost generators for energy production than other simulated scenarios. These results suggest that the mix of energy provided by different generation technologies influences the dispatch cost more than the net load flexibility requirements. Chapter 4 develops a quantitative framework for calculating flexibility requirements and performs a statistical analysis of load, wind, and solar data from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) to show how wind and solar capacity impacts these grid flexibility requirements. Growing wind capacity shows only minor correlation with increasing flexibility requirements, but shows some correlation with ramp down rates and daily volatility in the net load. Growing solar capacity shows a direct correlation with increasing flexibility requirements if load patterns do not change. While adding 15.7 GW of wind power had only minor effects on system flexibility requirements, adding 14.5 GW of solar to the ERCOT grid increases maximum 1-hr ramp rates by 135%, 3-hr ramp rates by 30%, ramp factors by 140%, 1-hr volatility by 100%, and 1-day volatility by 30%. Wind and solar impact flexibility requirements at different times of the day: wind tends to intensify demand-driven flexibility events by ramping up energy production at night when demand is decreasing and ramping down energy production in the morning when demand is increasing, while solar tends to intensify flexibility requirements due to its quick changes in energy output driven by the rising and setting sun. Adding wind to a system with large amounts of solar does not tend to increase flexibility requirements except for the daily volatility. The geographic location and orientation of solar arrays also influences flexibility requirements, with fixed, southeast-facing panels providing a significant reduction. These results can inform strategies for managing the grid flexibility requirements created by growing renewable capacity. Chapter 5 develops a model for calculating the optimal amount of transmission, wind, and solar capacity that should be built in a grid's different regions. It also presents a framework for choosing CO2 prices by balancing increasing system cost and flexibility requirements with CO2 emissions reductions. In a simulation of the ERCOT grid, the model suggests a 60 $/ton CO2 price and an optimal investment of 27.0 GW of transmission capacity to five different regions. These regions install a total of 26.6 GW of wind and 11.1 GW of solar, representing a grid with about 60% thermal and 40% renewable capacity. This renewable mix produces 110 TWh of energy per year, 34% of the total electricity demand. The grid emits 82.2 million tons of CO2 per year under this scenario, a 65% reduction from the 237 million tons produced when no renewable capacity is installed. At the optimal renewable development solution, all coal and natural gas boiler generators have capacity factors less than 20% with many of them not being dispatched at all. While these results are specific to ERCOT, the methods and model can be used by any grid considering renewable energy capacity expansion. Chapter 6 develops a mixed-integer linear program for modeling the optimal equipment capacity and dispatch of a central utility plant (CUP) in a residential neighborhood and its ability to improve rooftop solar integration. The CUP equipment includes a microturbine, battery, chiller plant, and cooling storage. The CUP model is exposed to a variety of electricity rate structures to see how they influence its operation. The model finds the optimal capacity for each piece of CUP equipment, optimizing their hourly dispatch to meet neighborhood cooling and electric demand while maximizing profit. In an Austin, TX, USA base case, the neighborhood benefits economically by including the CUP, although the CUP demonstrates limited potential to integrate high penetrations of rooftop solar resources. While peak demand and reverse power flows are reduced under all tested rate structures, the CUP worsens net demand ramp rates. A time-of-use rate with no demand charge and moderate differences between off-peak and on-peak prices balances the output parameters, reducing reverse power flows by 43%, peak demand by 51%, and annual cost by 9.1% versus the "No CUP'' base case while limiting net demand ramp rate increase to 84% more than the base case. Building a clean, resilient, and reliable electric grid for the future is a worthwhile endeavor that will require innovative supply-side and demand-side solutions for integrating the intermittent power output of renewable generation into the electric grid. As a cohesive document, this dissertation communicates the scale and severity of the flexibility requirements that will be required to operate systems with large amounts of wind and solar generation and explores one demand-side method for providing that needed flexibility. There are many opportunities to expand these analyses and explore new sources of grid flexibility in future work.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030913708X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
A component in the America's Energy Future study, Electricity from Renewable Resources examines the technical potential for electric power generation with alternative sources such as wind, solar-photovoltaic, geothermal, solar-thermal, hydroelectric, and other renewable sources. The book focuses on those renewable sources that show the most promise for initial commercial deployment within 10 years and will lead to a substantial impact on the U.S. energy system. A quantitative characterization of technologies, this book lays out expectations of costs, performance, and impacts, as well as barriers and research and development needs. In addition to a principal focus on renewable energy technologies for power generation, the book addresses the challenges of incorporating such technologies into the power grid, as well as potential improvements in the national electricity grid that could enable better and more extensive utilization of wind, solar-thermal, solar photovoltaics, and other renewable technologies.
