Adaptive Genomic Structural Variation in the Grape Powdery Mildew Pathogen, Erysiphe Necator PDF Download
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Author: Laura Hill Jones
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321362954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, is an economically important disease of grapevines worldwide. Large quantities of fungicides are used for its control, accelerating the incidence of fungicide-resistance. A shotgun approach was applied to sequence and assemble the genome of five E. necator isolates, and RNA-seq and comparative genomics were used to predict and annotate protein-coding genes. The results show that the E. necator genome is exceptionally large and repetitive and suggest that transposable elements are responsible for genome expansion. Frequent structural variations were found between isolates and included copy number variation in EnCYP51, the target of the commonly used sterol demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. A collection of 89 additional E. necator isolates from diverse vineyard sites was screened for copy number variation in the EnCYP51 gene and for presence/absence of a point mutation (Y136F) known to result in higher fungicide tolerance. The results show that an increase in EnCYP51 copy number is significantly more likely to be detected in isolates collected from fungicide-treated vineyards. Increased EnCYP51 copy numbers were detected with the Y136F allele, suggesting that an increase in copy number becomes advantageous only after the fungicide-tolerant allele is acquired. The results also show that EnCYP51 copy number influences expression in a gene-dose dependent manner and correlates with fungal growth in the presence of a DMI fungicide. Taken together these results demonstrate that copy number variation can be adaptive in the development of resistance to DMI fungicides in E. necator.
Author: Laura Hill Jones
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321362954
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Erysiphe necator, is an economically important disease of grapevines worldwide. Large quantities of fungicides are used for its control, accelerating the incidence of fungicide-resistance. A shotgun approach was applied to sequence and assemble the genome of five E. necator isolates, and RNA-seq and comparative genomics were used to predict and annotate protein-coding genes. The results show that the E. necator genome is exceptionally large and repetitive and suggest that transposable elements are responsible for genome expansion. Frequent structural variations were found between isolates and included copy number variation in EnCYP51, the target of the commonly used sterol demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. A collection of 89 additional E. necator isolates from diverse vineyard sites was screened for copy number variation in the EnCYP51 gene and for presence/absence of a point mutation (Y136F) known to result in higher fungicide tolerance. The results show that an increase in EnCYP51 copy number is significantly more likely to be detected in isolates collected from fungicide-treated vineyards. Increased EnCYP51 copy numbers were detected with the Y136F allele, suggesting that an increase in copy number becomes advantageous only after the fungicide-tolerant allele is acquired. The results also show that EnCYP51 copy number influences expression in a gene-dose dependent manner and correlates with fungal growth in the presence of a DMI fungicide. Taken together these results demonstrate that copy number variation can be adaptive in the development of resistance to DMI fungicides in E. necator.
Author: Peggy Backup
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Fungal diseases of grapes
Languages : en
Pages : 51
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Book Description
Epidemics of powdery mildew, arguably the most important disease of grapevines worldwide, are driven by moderate temperatures (21 to 30 C), but high temperatures can decrease growth and sporulation or eradicate the fungus. Using controlled environments, I investigated the response of 3 stages of Erysiphe necator's life cycle to 8 temperatures at 12 exposure times (1/4 to 24 h). Isolates of E. necator from 4 California production regions were used to evaluate the effects of heat treatments in 2 C increments from 30 to 44 C on conidial germination, colony size, and conidiospore production. After a 24-h exposure to 30, 32, or 34 C, conidia continued to germinate and colonies grew and sporulated. Lethal effects started at 36 or 38 C; lethal exposure times decreased with increasing temperature. At 44 C, less than 1 1/2 h was lethal. Sublethal exposure times that delayed colony growth were also detected. There were interactions among temperature, exposure time, and colony age, but not with source of isolate. The pathogen survived, grew, and reproduced at higher temperatures than previously reported; exposure time was as important as temperature in defining lethal and sublethal conditions. My results require verification with field studies to assess combined effects of repetitive exposure to high temperature and other environmental stresses.
Author: Dario Cantu
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030186016
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 367
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Book Description
This book describes the current state of international grape genomics, with a focus on the latest findings, tools and strategies employed in genome sequencing and analysis, and genetic mapping of important agronomic traits. It also discusses how these are having a direct impact on outcomes for grape breeders and the international grape research community. While V. vinifera is a model species, it is not always appreciated that its cultivation usually requires the use of other Vitis species as rootstocks. The book discusses genetic diversity within the Vitis genus, the available genetic resources for breeding, and the available genomic resources for other Vitis species. Grapes (Vitis vinifera spp. vinifera) have been a source of food and wine since their domestication from their wild progenitor (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) around 8,000 years ago, and they are now the world’s most valuable horticultural crop. In addition to being economically important, V. vinifera is also a model organism for the study of perennial fruit crops for two reasons: Firstly, its ability to be transformed and micropropagated via somatic embryogenesis, and secondly its relatively small genome size of 500 Mb. The economic importance of grapes made V. vinifera an obvious early candidate for genomic sequencing, and accordingly, two draft genomes were reported in 2007. Remarkably, these were the first genomes of any fruiting crop to be sequenced and only the fourth for flowering plants. Although riddled with gaps and potentially omitting large regions of repetitive sequences, the two genomes have provided valuable insights into grape genomes. Cited in over 2,000 articles, the genome has served as a reference in more than 3,000 genome-wide transcriptional analyses. Further, recent advances in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics are enabling the assembly of reference-grade genome references for more grape genotypes revealing the exceptional extent of structural variation in the species.
Author: Pietro D. Spanu
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889451380
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 433
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Book Description
Throughout their life, plants interact with all sorts of microbes. Some of these are detrimental and cause disease; some interactions are mutually beneficial for both partners. It is clear that most, if not all, of the interactions are regulated by highly complex checks and balances sustained by signalling and exchange of messengers and nutrients. The interactions where both partners are alive for a significant part of their time together are called biotrophic. In this e-book we bring together 33 articles representing the current state-of-the-art in research about diverse biotrophic plant-microbe associations aimed at describing and understanding how these complex and ubiquitous partnerships work and ultimately support much of the land-based biosphere.
Author: Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889765725
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 251
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Book Description
Author: Guy-Franck Richard
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1789451191
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
The genome of a living being is composed of DNA sequences with diverse origins. Beyond single-copy genes, whose product has a biological function that can be inferred by experimentation, certain DNA sequences, present in a large number of copies, escape the most refined approaches aimed at elucidating their precise role. The existence of what 20th century geneticists had already perceived (and wrongly described as "junk DNA"!) was confirmed by the sequencing of the first complex genomes, including that of Homo sapiens. A large part of what defines a living thing is not unique, but repeated, sometimes a very large number of times, increasing in complexity with successive duplications and multiplication. Understanding and defining the many functions of this myriad of repeated sequences, as well as their evolution through natural selection, has become one of the major challenges for 21st century genomics.
Author: Chittaranjan Kole
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3319979469
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
This edited book provides a comprehensive overview of modern strategies in fruit crop breeding in the era of climate change and global warming. It demonstrates how advances in plant molecular and genomics-assisted breeding can be utilized to produce improved fruit crops with climate-smart traits. Agriculture is facing a number of challenges in the 21st century, as it has to address food, nutritional, energy and environmental security. Future fruit varieties must be adaptive to the varying scenarios of climate change, produce higher yields of high-quality food, feed, and fuel and have multiple uses. To achieve these goals, it is imperative to employ modern tools of molecular breeding, genetic engineering and genomics for ‘precise’ plant breeding to produce ‘designed’ fruit crop varieties. This book is of interest to scientists working in the fields of plant genetics, genomics, breeding, biotechnology, and in the disciplines of agronomy and horticulture.
Author: Karl W. Broman
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781461417088
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 400
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Book Description
Comprehensive discussion of QTL mapping concepts and theory Detailed instructions on the use of the R/qtl software, the most featured and flexible software for QTL mapping Two case studies illustrate QTL analysis in its entirety
Author: Amitava Rakshit
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811513228
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 663
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Book Description
Using accessible farming practices to meet the growing demands on agriculture is likely to result in more intense competition for natural resources, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and further deforestation and land degradation, which will in turn produce additional stress in the soil-water-plant-animal continuum. Stress refers to any unfavorable force or condition that inhibits customary functioning in plants. Concurrent manifestations of different stresses (biotic and abiotic) are very frequent in the environment of plants, which consequently reduces yield. Better understanding stress not only changes our perspective on the current environment, but can also bring a wealth of benefits, like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings’ living standards. Innovative systems are called for that protect and enhance the natural resource base, while increasing productivity via ‘holistic’ approaches, such as agroecology, agro-forestry, climate-smart agriculture and conservation agriculture, which also incorporate indigenous and traditional knowledge. The book ‘New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture’ details the current state of knowledge and highlights scientific advances concerning novel aspects of plant biology research on stress, biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as emergent amelioration and reclamation technologies to restore normal functioning in agroecology.
Author: Baozhong Meng
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319577069
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 688
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Book Description
The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The most damaging diseases include: (1) infectious degeneration; (2) leafroll disease complex; and (3) rugose wood complex. Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction. The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.
