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Author: Chang-Hwei Chen
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031552873
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 257
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Book Description
Author: Chang-Hwei Chen
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031552873
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 257
Get Book
Book Description
Author: Chang-Hwei Chen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461410495
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 185
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Book Description
Humans are exposed to foreign compounds such as drugs, household products and environmental chemicals by swallowing or breathing. Also, food is considered a foreign compound. Such foreign compounds can be non-essential and non-functional to life, and commonly are referred to as xenobiotics. Some xenobiotics are not toxic; however, many of them are potentially toxic or become toxic after conversion to metabolic intermediates. A considerable number of foreign compounds belong to non-polar, lipophilic substances. Lipophilic compounds are not soluble in water. Metabolic conversion of lipophilic foreign compounds to facilitate their removal from the body is essentially carried out by biochemical reactions catalyzed by two classes of metabolizing enzymes, namely, activation enzymes and detoxification enzymes. Activation enzyme-catalyzed functionalization reaction introduces a functional group to a lipophilic compound. Functionalization modifies many foreign compounds to form reactive intermediates capable of interacting with cellular components (proteins, DNA and lipids), leading to a variety of conditions for diseases. Functionalized compounds are further metabolized through detoxification enzyme-catalyzed reactions, which result in an increase in the solubility of parent compounds and an inactivation of metabolic intermediates, thus facilitating their excretion from the body. To minimize the exposure of potentially toxic metabolic intermediates, it is essential to keep them at a minimum level. Extensive investigations have revealed that foreign compound-metabolizing enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphisms. Variations in their activities can produce different results as to the susceptibility to potential toxic effects. Moreover, the expressions of activation enzymes and detoxification enzymes are inducible. A number of chemical compounds are capable of acting as modulators for these two classes of enzymes. These findings have lead to the proposal of modulating metabolizing enzymes as a useful approach for human health benefits. Importantly, many of these chemical compounds are present in human daily diets. There are many advances that have been made in the past decades towards the understanding of functions and implications of activation enzymes and detoxification enzymes. An organized, concise overview is needed for the readers who are initially exposed to this important subject, particularly for students and researchers in the areas of biomedical sciences, biochemistry, nutrition, pharmacology and chemistry. This book is intended to serve this purpose as an introduction to the subject. Furthermore, major topics in the book, excluding catalytic reactions and structural properties, may have interest to other readers who have knowledge of basic sciences and understanding enzyme related information. The book discusses subjects associated with foreign compound metabolizing enzymes with emphasis on biochemical aspects, including lipophilic foreign compounds, catalytic properties, reactive intermediates, biomedical and biochemical effects, genetic polymorphisms, enzyme inducibility, enzyme modulation for health benefits, dietary related enzyme modulators, and structural characteristics of enzyme inducers.
Author: Chang-Hwei Chen
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030416798
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive, organized, and concise overview of xenobiotic metabolic enzymes and their health implications. The subjects addressed are broad in scope with an emphasis on recent advances in research on biochemical and biomedical aspects of these enzymes. The xenobiotics discussed include not just drugs, but also food, smoke, and other environmental chemicals. The subjects covered in this work include: metabolic enzymes and their catalyzed reactions, reactive intermediates generated from metabolic activation, oxidative stress mediated by electrophilic reactive intermediates, bioactivation - mediated cellular and functional damages, activation of Nrf2 – ARE pathway, genetic variations affecting metabolic enzyme expression, enzyme polymorphisms affecting xenobiotic - mediated toxicity, induction of metabolic enzymes for health benefits, and a diversity of metabolic enzyme modulators.
Author: Manfred Schwab
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540368477
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 3307
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Book Description
This comprehensive encyclopedic reference provides rapid access to focused information on topics of cancer research for clinicians, research scientists and advanced students. Given the overwhelming success of the first edition, which appeared in 2001, and fast development in the different fields of cancer research, it has been decided to publish a second fully revised and expanded edition. With an A-Z format of over 7,000 entries, more than 1,000 contributing authors provide a complete reference to cancer. The merging of different basic and clinical scientific disciplines towards the common goal of fighting cancer makes such a comprehensive reference source all the more timely.
Author: Albert P. Li
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119170842
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 530
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Book Description
TRANSPORTERS AND DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN DRUG TOXICITY Explore up-to-date coverage on the interaction between drug metabolism enzymes, transporters, and drug toxicity with this leading resources Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Drug Toxicity delivers a comprehensive and updated review of the relationship between drug metabolism, transporters, and toxicity, providing insights into a major challenge in drug development – accurate assessment of human drug toxicity. Combining two disciplines frequently considered independently of one another, the book combines drug metabolism and toxicology with a focus on the role of biotransformation on drug toxicity and as a major factor for species and individual differences. Mechanism and species differences in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters are discussed, as are the methods used to investigate the role of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in drug toxicity. Finally, the distinguished authors describe promising new experimental approaches to accurately assessing human drug toxicity via the consideration of human-specific drug metabolism in toxicity assays. In addition to topics as diverse as extended clearance models, experimental approaches for the estimation of DILI potential of drug candidates and roles of transporters in renal drug toxicity, readers will also enjoy the inclusion of such subjects as: A thorough overview of and introduction to drug metabolism and transporters and drug toxicity An exploration of drug metabolism enzymes and transporter activities as risk factors of marketed drugs associated with drug-induced fatalities A discussion of human-based in vitro experimental models for the evaluation of metabolism-dependent drug toxicity A treatment of mechanism-based experimental models for the evaluation of BSEP inhibition and DILI An examination of transporters and cochlea toxicity Perfect for scientists, students, and practitioners with interests in metabolism, toxicology, and drug development in the pharmaceutical industry, Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Drug Toxicity will also earn a place in the libraries of medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, biochemists, toxicologists, and regulators in the pharmaceutical and health industries.
Author: John Caldwell
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323150101
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 444
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Book Description
Biological Basis of Detoxication focuses on the biological processes involved in detoxication, with emphasis on the biochemistry of the removal of xenobiotics from an organism. Topics range from the formation of toxic metabolites and compounds that are not metabolized at all to the tissue distribution and nutritional considerations, the kinetics and mechanisms of the metabolic and excretory processes, and the integration of xenobiotic metabolism in the activation and detoxication of carcinogens. Organized into 14 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the enzymatic basis for the metabolic activation of foreign compounds in forming reactive chemical intermediates. The first few chapters discuss the identification of reactive electrophiles derived from xenobiotics, intratissue distribution of activating and detoxicating enzymes, enzymatic and non-enzymatic modes of xenobiotic metabolism, and unmetabolized compounds. The middle chapters explore the biological basis of detoxication of oxygen free radicals, physiologic and kinetic aspects of the fate of xenobiotics, excretion of xenobiotics, and effects of nutrition on detoxication. The remaining chapters look at the relationships between the enzymes of detoxication and host defense mechanisms, metabolic basis of target organ toxicity, the enzymatic factor in selective toxicity, and intraindividual and interindividual variations in rates of hepatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals. Pharmacologists, toxicologists, and biochemists will find this book highly informative.
Author: James J. Kocsis
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468451340
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1028
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Book Description
This volume contains the proceedings of the third in a series of conferences entitled, The International Symposium on Biological Reactive Intermediates. The first was held at the University of Turku in Finland, in 1975, the second at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom, in 1980 and the most recent at the University of Maryland in the United States, in 1985. The significance of these conferences has been emphasized by the rapid growth of mechanistic toxicology over the last decade. These conferences were initially stimulated by the attempt to uncover the significance behind the observations that the toxicity of carcinogenic responses produced by many chemicals was associated with the observation that their metabolism led to the formation of chemcially reactive electrophiles which covalently bound to nucleophilic sites in cells such as proteins, nucleic acid or fats. Recently, newer concepts have arisen which have necessitated the expansion of subjects covered by the conference. For example, the application of newer knowledge of the role of active oxygen species in reactive metabolite formation, the concept of suicide substrates, examination of the function of glutathione in cells, application of immunological techniques and molecular biological probes to the solution of toxicological problems all had an impact on the study of the biological reactive intermediates.
Author: Masao Ikeda-Saito
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1782629912
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
This book highlights the many and varied catalytic activities of O2-dependent heme-iron enzymes, including monoxygenases and cytochrome P450, dioxygenases, oxidases and model heme systems required for postgraduate students and researchers in biochemistry and metallobiology.
Author: John L. Capinera
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1062
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Book Description
Bringing together the expertise of over 450 distinguished entomologists from 40 countries, this exhaustive work provides a global overview of insects and their close relatives. It is designed as an introduction to this fascinating group of animals.
Author: Wanda M. Haschek
Publisher: San Diego : Academic Press
ISBN:
Category : Pathology
Languages : en
Pages : 1012
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Book Description
In volume I, the book covers toxicologic pathology in its basic aspects, including its definition, the basic biochemical and morphologic mechanisms underlying the discipline, the basic practice of toxicologic pathology (including special techniques) and issues essential to the understanding of toxicologic pathology such as risk assessment, experimental design, and statistical analysis. Next, the book moves to specific issues affecting the "practice" toxicologic pathology, including issues such as knowledge management, regulatory affairs and writing pathology reports. Finally, Volume I closes with several chapters that deal with specific classes of environmental toxicants such as endocrine disruptors and heavy metals. Volume II addresses the toxicologic pathology in a thoroughly standardized systems manner, addressing the basic structure and function of a particular organ system, its response to toxic injury, mechanisms of injury and methods of evaluation of such injury.-
