A Study of African Trypanosomiasis Using Epidemiologic Models PDF Download
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Author: Tsegaye Habtemariam
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cattle
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Author: Tsegaye Habtemariam
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cattle
Languages : en
Pages : 420
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241209844
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 249
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Book Description
This report provides information about new diagnostic approaches, new therapeutic regimens and better understanding of the distribution of the disease with high-quality mapping. The roles of human and animal reservoirs and the tsetse fly vectors that transmit the parasites are emphasized. The new information has formed the basis for an integrated strategy with which it is hoped that elimination of HAT will be achieved. The report also contains recommendations on the approaches that will lead to elimination of the disease. Human African Tryponosomiasis (HAT) is a disease that afflicts populations in rural Africa, where the tsetse fly vector that transmits the causative trypanosome parasites thrives. There are two forms of HAT: one, known as gambiense HAT, is endemic in West and Central Africa and causes over 95% of current cases; the other, known as rhodesiense HAT, is endemic in East and southern Africa and accounts for the remainder of cases. The presence of parasites in the brain leads to progressive neurological breakdown. Changes to sleep-wake patterns are among the symptoms that characterize the disease, also known as "sleeping sickness". Eventually, patients fall into a coma and die if not treated. Different treatments are available against parasites present in the haemolymphatic system (first stage) and those that have entered the brain (second stage). Currently, lumbar puncture is required to select the appropriate drug.
Author: WHO Expert Committee on the Epidemiology and Control of African Trypanosomiasis
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Author: M. J. Reardon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 11
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Book Description
Investigators continued to monitor the antigenic stability of parasites from western Kenya. Current evidence indicates that there was a significant antigenic shift in the 1980-81 outbreak. Epidemiology and treatment record analysis studies continued. A treatment center was opened in western Kenya situated north of the Lambwe Valley endemic area and to the east of the Ugandan epidemic area. This center will serve as a routine treatment facility and research facility for the evaluation of standard drugs available and USMRDC developed drugs effective in screens against human African trypanosomiasis. An experimental compound WR 163577 is being evaluated in the goat model against T. brucei infection.
Author: Michel Dumas
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 2817808576
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 347
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Book Description
Human African Trypaniosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is an old disease to be now considered as reemergent. HAT is endemic in 36 sub-Saharan African countries, in areas where tsetse flies are found. The public health importance of HAT is underestimated, but the disease causes severe social disruption in many rural areas. Along the past fifteen years, numerous studies were made, and now, the mechanisms involved in the disease pathogenesis and in the characteristics of sleep-wake disruption become to be better understood. But, since 50 years, when current drugs were introduced, problems regarding HAT chemotherapy have not been solved. Nevertheless, in-depth studies about trypanosome metabolism have permitted to discover new drug targets. Written by specialists who are very experienced in their respective fields, the contributions provide an indispensable tool for practitioners and scientists.
Author: Ian Maudlin
Publisher: CABI
ISBN: 9780851990347
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 644
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Book Description
This state-of-the-art reference book includes comprehensive coverage of the biology and control of African, Asian and South American trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness") in man and animals. It describes recent research developments in the biology and molecular biology of trypanosomes (the protozoan parasite) and their vectors, and methods in diagnosis and control, such as trapping tsetse fly vectors. Different sections of the book are devoted to biology of trypanosomes, vector biology, epidemiology and diagnosis, pathogenesis, disease impact, chemotherapy and disease control, and vector control. The book contains contributions from leading experts from Europe, North and South America, and Africa.
Author: D. A. T. Baldry
Publisher: Pergamon
ISBN: 9780080268590
Category : African trypanosomiasis
Languages : en
Pages : 121
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Book Description
Author: William Herbert Potts
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 1050
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Book Description
Author: Julianne Meisner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 214
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Book Description
In recent decades, remarkable progress in the control of Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)---a bloodborne protozoal parasite transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species)---has led the WHO to set targets for elimination as public health problem (EPHP) by 2020, and elimination of transmission (EOT) by 2030. Global EPHP targets were met in 2018, however most endemic countries are not yet eligible for national EPHP validation, and there are significant challenges to achieving EOT goals. Two forms of HAT, which are geographically- and epidemiologically-distinct, exist: the chronic form, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT) and endemic in western and central Africa, and the acute form, caused by T. b. rhodesiense (rHAT) and endemic in eastern and southern Africa. Due to the known importance of animal reservoirs for rHAT EOT targets are set for gHAT alone, resulting in significantly lower investment in rHAT surveillance and control compared with gHAT. Combined with rHAT's acute progression this results in significant underreporting, raising concerns that rHAT will emerge as a major public health problem once gHAT EOT is achieved and donor attention moves away from HAT. With regards to gHAT, uncertainty surrounding animal reservoirs---in particular domestic pigs---as well as latent human reservoirs and undercoverage of high-risk groups by active surveillance activities threaten both the probability of EOT, and re-emergence following EOT. In this dissertation, we used data from the WHO Atlas of HAT, spatial epidemiologic methods, methods drawn from the potential outcomes framework of causal inference, and a stochastic compartmental model to estimate the effect of pig density on HAT risk, to evaluate the feasibility of rHAT EOT with control of domestic animal reservoirs alone, and to decompose the livestock density - HAT effect into three components: (1) the reservoir effect, whereby domestic cattle and pigs infected with trypanosomes serve as a source of human infection, (2) the zooprophylactic effect, whereby tsetse fly preference for livestock protects humans from bites---and therefore trypanosome infection---when livestock are nearby, and (3) the environmental change effect, whereby livestock keeping results in environmental changes that in turn modify tsetse distribution and HAT risk. We conducted this work in four high-burden countries which do not meet WHO criteria for EPHP validation: Uganda (gHAT and rHAT), South Sudan (gHAT), Malawi (rHAT), and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC, gHAT). Our results suggest pigs may indeed be gHAT reservoirs and, if so, EOT will not be achieved without intervention---trypanocide or, preferably, insecticide treatment---on this reservoir. With regards to rHAT, we found control of the domestic cattle and pig reservoir is critical to control of the disease, in particular in Uganda, but does not lead to EOT. We found evidence of a zooprophlyactic effect in Malawi and South Sudan for both cattle and pigs and in gHAT foci in Uganda for cattle, however we did not detect compelling evidence of an environmental change effect. These results point to the utility of a One Health approach to HAT control, and represent an important contribution to the HAT literature and the efforts of National Sleeping Sickness Control Programs in the study countries. In conjunction with the high-resolution livestock density maps we have produced, our findings will support targeted delivery of expanded and/or enhanced HAT control efforts. Delivering these efforts in a One Health framework, whereby control of animal African trypanosomiasis is coordinated with that of HAT, will increase the likelihood and sustainability of gHAT elimination and ensure rHAT does not subsequently emerge as a major public health problem, reducing the burden of this highly-fatal and poverty-reinforcing disease.
Author: Samuel J. Black
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0306468948
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 185
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Book Description
African trypanosomes are tsetse-transmitted protozoa that inhabit the extracellular compartment of host blood. They cause fatal sleeping sickness in people, and Nagana, a wasting and generally fatal disease, in cattle. While trypanosomes are most common to Africa (about 30% of Africa's cattle graze on the fringe of the tsetse habitat), some species have spread beyond its boarders to Asia, the Middle East and South America. The African Trypanosomes, volume one of World Class Parasites, is written for researchers, students and scholars who enjoy reading research that has a major impact on human health, or agricultural productivity, and against which we have no satisfactory defense. It is intended to supplement more formal texts that cover taxonomy, life cycles, morphology, vector distribution, symptoms and treatment. It integrates vector, pathogen and host biology and celebrates the diversity of approach that comprises modern parasitological research.
