A New Multidimensional Psycho-physical Framwork [sic] for Modeling Car-following in a Freeway Work Zone PDF Download
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Author: Taylor W. P. Lochrane
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
In this dissertation, a new framework was applied and it demonstrated that there are four different categories of car-following behavior models each with different parameter distributions. The four categories are divided by traffic condition (congested vs. uncongested) and by roadway condition (work zone vs. non-work zone). The calibrated threshold values are presented for each of these four categories. By applying this new multidimensional framework, modeling of car-following behavior can enhance vehicle behavior in microsimulation modeling. This dissertation also explored driver behavior through combining vehicle data and survey techniques to augment the model calibrations to improve the understanding of car-following behavior in freeway work zones. The results identify a set of survey questions that can potentially guide the selection of parameters for car-fallowing models. The findings presented in this dissertation can be used to improve the performance of driver behavior models specific to work zones. This in return will more acutely forecast the impact a work zone design has on capacity during congestion.
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Author: Taylor W. P. Lochrane
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
In this dissertation, a new framework was applied and it demonstrated that there are four different categories of car-following behavior models each with different parameter distributions. The four categories are divided by traffic condition (congested vs. uncongested) and by roadway condition (work zone vs. non-work zone). The calibrated threshold values are presented for each of these four categories. By applying this new multidimensional framework, modeling of car-following behavior can enhance vehicle behavior in microsimulation modeling. This dissertation also explored driver behavior through combining vehicle data and survey techniques to augment the model calibrations to improve the understanding of car-following behavior in freeway work zones. The results identify a set of survey questions that can potentially guide the selection of parameters for car-fallowing models. The findings presented in this dissertation can be used to improve the performance of driver behavior models specific to work zones. This in return will more acutely forecast the impact a work zone design has on capacity during congestion.
Author: Andrew Leo Berthaume
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 197
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Book Description
Because many freeways in the U.S. and abroad are being reconstructed or rehabilitated, it becomes increasingly important to plan and design freeway work zones with the utmost in safety and efficiency. Central to the effective design of work zones is being able to understand how drivers behave as they approach and enter a work zone area. While simple and complex microscopic models have been used over the years to analyze driver behavior, most models were not designed for application in work zones and thus do not capture the interdependencies between lane-changing and car-following vehicle movements along with the drivers' cognitive and physical characteristics. With the use of psychology's field theory, this dissertation develops a framework for creating vector-based, explanatory, deterministic microscopic models, to enhance our understanding of driver behavior in work zones and better aid freeway planners and designers. In field theory, an agent (i.e. the driver) views a field (i.e. the area surrounding the vehicle) filled with stimuli and perceives forces associated with each stimuli once these stimuli are internalized. Based on this theory, the new modeling framework, Modified Field Theory (MFT), is designed to directly incorporate drivers' perceptions to roadway stimuli along with vehicle movements for drivers of different cognitive and physical abilities. From this framework, specific microscopic models, such as a simple freeway work zone car following model, can be created. It is postulated that models derived from this framework would more accurately reflect the driver decision-making process, naturally modeling the effects of external stimuli such as innovative geometric configurations, lane closures, and technology applications such as variable message boards. A simple freeway work zone car following model was created using the MFT framework. Two MFT car-following agents were created and calibrated. The second agent (Agent 2) followed the first agent (Agent 1) through a one-lane segment of freeway. Car-following data for Agent 2 was plotted on a graph of relative speed vs. distance to the lead vehicle, showing car-following behavior. Car-following behavior for Agent 2 was validated against Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) Living Laboratory data for simple freeway work zone car-following (Driver 15). The car-following behavior of Agent 2 replicated the "spiraling" trend observed in Driver 15. Unlike other models (such as Wiedemann), this model does not 'force' these trends to occur; these trends occur naturally, as a result of the perception-reaction time delay and the nature of the forces involved. Additionally, unusual car following trends reported for Driver 15 were replicated in Modified Field Theory when conditions surrounding each event were synthetically recreated. Results demonstrated that the Modified Field Theory framework can successfully replicate the process by which a driver scans the driving environment and reacts to their surroundings. Microscopic models can successfully be created using this framework. Results demonstrated that models created from this framework naturally recreate behavioral trends observed in empirical data, and that these models are capable of replicating driving behavior in unusual scenarios, such as the car following behavior of a subject vehicle when the lead vehicle has a strong sudden acceleration event. Before this model can be applied to work zones, other calibration and validation efforts are required.
Author: Seyed Kayvan Aghabayk Eagely
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
Heavy vehicles and passenger cars differ in their manoeuvrability and acceleration capabilities. Heavy vehicles thus influence other traffic in a different manner to passenger vehicles, causing different levels of traffic instability. Increasing number and proportion of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream may result in quite different traffic flow characteristics. Car-following (CF) models are fundamental to replicating traffic flow and thus they have received considerable attention over the last few decades. They are in a continuous state of improvement due to their significant role in traffic micro-simulations, intelligent transportation systems and safety engineering models. However, model estimates of the traffic flow could be degraded since existing CF models do not consider the interactions between these vehicles and passenger cars drivers satisfactorily. This oversight was revealed through a comprehensive literature review conducted in this study in which the existing CF models are classified into classic and artificial intelligence models and are critically reviewed. This research investigates the different car-following behaviour of drivers in congested mixed traffic conditions. The congested traffic conditions refer to the level of service (LOS) "E" and "F" according to the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010). More specifically, this study investigates whether the existence of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream influence car-following behaviour between heavy vehicles and passenger cars? A detailed data analysis is conducted to explore this question using a rich trajectory data set recorded from a 503-meter a segment of freeway in the USA. Four combinations of car-following are considered based on the classes of the vehicles involved in the car-following process. These include heavy vehicle following passenger car (H-C), passenger car following heavy vehicle (C-H), passenger car following passenger car (C-C), and heavy vehicle following heavy vehicle (H-H). This research investigates the headways between the vehicles, driver's reaction time, relative speed-space headway between the vehicles, and analysis of the vehicle accelerations during car-following process. The study explores the stimuli which can affect driver's car-following behaviours. It also reconstructs the car-following thresholds for different combinations. The findings showed the fundamental differences amongst the car-following combinations suggesting further investigation and model development. Two CF models are developed in this thesis: one classic model and one artificial intelligence model.This study develops a psychophysical CF model in which four sets of perceptual thresholds are considered to estimate drivers' car-following behaviour. This means each car-following combination is associated with one specific set of thresholds. The model is calibrated by evolutionary algorithm which is implemented using traffic micro-simulation. A parallel particle swarm optimisation (Parallel PSO) algorithm is implemented in this study to reduce the execution time using multithread methodology. The results show the better performance of the developed model compared to the existing models to estimate traffic measurements used in the traffic micro-simulation. As an alternative model, a new artificial intelligence CF model was developed which specifically considered heavy vehicles. The model used the local linear model tree (LOLIMOT) approach to predict the car-following behaviour of drivers with consideration of the classes of their vehicle and the immediate vehicles in front. The model and the ways of defining the localities and training of the model are explained. The performance of the developed model is evaluated by an independent data set. This evaluation is conducted through the comparison between the predictions of the developed model and the actual traffic measurements. Additionally, the performance for the developed model is compared with the existing CF models. The results showed a good performance of the developed model. This method could be considered as a new approach to modelling car-following behaviour of drivers in mixed traffic providing the opportunity for incorporating human perceptual imperfections into a rigorous modelling framework. This study concludes that the consideration of vehicle heterogeneity in modelling longitudinal behaviours of derivers could result in better representation of traffic flow. This study could be useful for the researchers and transport planners who wish to consider heavy vehicles in traffic stream. The model could be used in traffic micro-simulations to enhance their accuracy and modelling capability.
Author: Johnny Saldana
Publisher: SAGE
ISBN: 1446200124
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers is unique in providing, in one volume, an in-depth guide to each of the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. In total, 29 different approaches to coding are covered, ranging in complexity from beginner to advanced level and covering the full range of types of qualitative data from interview transcripts to field notes. For each approach profiled, Johnny Saldaña discusses the method’s origins in the professional literature, a description of the method, recommendations for practical applications, and a clearly illustrated example.
Author: Derek Bolton
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3030118991
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 149
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Book Description
This open access book is a systematic update of the philosophical and scientific foundations of the biopsychosocial model of health, disease and healthcare. First proposed by George Engel 40 years ago, the Biopsychosocial Model is much cited in healthcare settings worldwide, but has been increasingly criticised for being vague, lacking in content, and in need of reworking in the light of recent developments. The book confronts the rapid changes to psychological science, neuroscience, healthcare, and philosophy that have occurred since the model was first proposed and addresses key issues such as the model’s scientific basis, clinical utility, and philosophical coherence. The authors conceptualise biology and the psychosocial as in the same ontological space, interlinked by systems of communication-based regulatory control which constitute a new kind of causation. These are distinguished from physical and chemical laws, most clearly because they can break down, thus providing the basis for difference between health and disease. This work offers an urgent update to the model’s scientific and philosophical foundations, providing a new and coherent account of causal interactions between the biological, the psychological and social.
Author: Malcolm S. Knowles
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1000072894
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 407
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Book Description
How do you tailor education to the learning needs of adults? Do they learn differently from children? How does their life experience inform their learning processes? These were the questions at the heart of Malcolm Knowles’ pioneering theory of andragogy which transformed education theory in the 1970s. The resulting principles of a self-directed, experiential, problem-centred approach to learning have been hugely influential and are still the basis of the learning practices we use today. Understanding these principles is the cornerstone of increasing motivation and enabling adult learners to achieve. The 9th edition of The Adult Learner has been revised to include: Updates to the book to reflect the very latest advancements in the field. The addition of two new chapters on diversity and inclusion in adult learning, and andragogy and the online adult learner. An updated supporting website. This website for the 9th edition of The Adult Learner will provide basic instructor aids including a PowerPoint presentation for each chapter. Revisions throughout to make it more readable and relevant to your practices. If you are a researcher, practitioner, or student in education, an adult learning practitioner, training manager, or involved in human resource development, this is the definitive book in adult learning you should not be without.
Author: Paul C. Cozby
Publisher: WCB/McGraw-Hill
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
For undergradute social science majors. A textbook on the interpretation and use of research. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Author: Stuart Biddle
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 100036755X
Category : Sports & Recreation
Languages : en
Pages : 647
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Book Description
The positive benefits of physical activity for physical and mental health are now widely acknowledged, yet levels of physical inactivity continue to be a major concern throughout the world. Understanding the psychology of physical activity has therefore become an important issue for scientists, health professionals and policy-makers alike as they address the challenge of behaviour change. Psychology of Physical Activity provides comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the fundamentals of exercise psychology, from mental health, to theories of motivation and adherence, and to the design of successful interventions for increasing participation. Now publishing in a fully revised, updated and expanded fourth edition, Psychology of Physical Activity is still the only textbook to offer a full survey of the evidence base for theory and practice in exercise psychology, and the only textbook that explains how to interpret the quality of the research evidence. As the field continues to grow rapidly, the new edition expands the behavioural science content of numerous important topics, including physical activity and cognitive functioning, automatic and affective frameworks for understanding physical activity involvement, new interventions designed to increase physical activity (including use of new technologies), and sedentary behaviour. A full companion website offers useful features to help students and lecturers get the most out of the book during their course, including multiple-choice revision questions, PowerPoint slides and a test bank of additional learning activities. Psychology of Physical Activity is the most authoritative, engaging and up-to-date book on exercise psychology currently available. It is essential reading for all students working in behavioural medicine, as well as the exercise and health sciences.
Author: Jeni Klugman
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464803609
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 239
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Book Description
Despite recent advances in important aspects of the lives of girls and women, pervasive challenges remain. These challenges reflect widespread deprivations and constraints and include epidemic levels of gender-based violence and discriminatory laws and norms that prevent women from owning property, being educated, and making meaningful decisions about their own lives--such as whether and when to marry or have children. These often violate their most basic rights and are magnified and multiplied by poverty and lack of education. This groundbreaking book distills vast data and hundreds of studies to shed new light on deprivations and constraints facing the voice and agency of women and girls worldwide, and on the associated costs for individuals, families, communities, and global development. The volume presents major new findings about the patterns of constraints and overlapping deprivations and focuses on several areas key to women s empowerment: freedom from violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, ownership of land and housing, and voice and collective action. It highlights promising reforms and interventions from around the world and lays out an urgent agenda for governments, civil society, development agencies, and other stakeholders, including a call for greater investment in data and knowledge to benchmark progress.
Author: Joseph Alcamo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biodiversity
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
Ecosystems and Human Well-Being is the first product of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, a four-year international work program designed to meet the needs of decisionmakers for scientific information on the links between ecosystem change and human well-being. The book offers an overview of the project, describing the conceptual framework that is being used, defining its scope, and providing a baseline of understanding that all participants need to move forward. The Millennium Assessment focuses on how humans have altered ecosystems, and how changes in ecosystem services have affected human well-being, how ecosystem changes may affect people in future decades, and what types of responses can be adopted at local, national, or global scales to improve ecosystem management and thereby contribute to human well-being and poverty alleviation. The program was launched by United National Secretary-General Kofi Annan in June 2001, and the primary assessment reports will be released by Island Press in 2005. Leading scientists from more than 100 nations are conducting the assessment, which can aid countries, regions, or companies by: providing a clear, scientific picture of the current sta
