A Monthly Averaged Climatology of Sea Surface Temperature

A Monthly Averaged Climatology of Sea Surface Temperature PDF Author: Richard W. Reynolds
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Climatology
Languages : en
Pages : 44

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A Monthly Averaged Climatology of Sea Surface Temperature

A Monthly Averaged Climatology of Sea Surface Temperature PDF Author: Richard W. Reynolds
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Climatology
Languages : en
Pages : 44

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Ecological Inference

Ecological Inference PDF Author: Gary King
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521542807
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 436

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Book Description
Drawing upon the recent explosion of research in the field, a diverse group of scholars surveys the latest strategies for solving ecological inference problems, the process of trying to infer individual behavior from aggregate data. The uncertainties and information lost in aggregation make ecological inference one of the most difficult areas of statistical inference, but these inferences are required in many academic fields, as well as by legislatures and the Courts in redistricting, marketing research by business, and policy analysis by governments. This wide-ranging collection of essays offers many fresh and important contributions to the study of ecological inference.

Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change

Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change PDF Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309068916
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 101

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Book Description
An overall increase in global-mean atmospheric temperatures is predicted to occur in response to human-induced increases in atmospheric concentrations of heat-trapping "greenhouse gases." The most prominent of these gases, carbon dioxide, has increased in concentration by over 30% during the past 200 years, and is expected to continue to increase well into the future. Other changes in atmospheric composition complicate the picture. In particular, increases in the number of small particles (called aerosols) in the atmosphere regionally offset and mask the greenhouse effect, and stratospheric ozone depletion contributes to cooling of the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Many in the scientific community believe that a distinctive greenhouse-warming signature is evident in surface temperature data for the past few decades. Some, however, are puzzled by the fact that satellite temperature measurements indicate little, if any, warming of the lower to mid-troposphere (the layer extending from the surface up to about 8 km) since such satellite observations first became operational in 1979. The satellite measurements appear to be substantiated by independent trend estimates for this period based on radiosonde data. Some have interpreted this apparent discrepancy between surface and upper air observations as casting doubt on the overall reliability of the surface temperature record, whereas others have concluded that the satellite data (or the algorithms that are being used to convert them into temperatures) must be erroneous. It is also conceivable that temperatures at the earth's surface and aloft have not tracked each other perfectly because they have responded differently to natural and/or human-induced climate forcing during this particular 20-year period. Whether these differing temperature trends can be reconciled has implications for assessing: how much the earth has warmed during the past few decades, whether observed changes are in accord with the predicted response to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on model simulations, and whether the existing atmospheric observing system is adequate for the purposes of monitoring global-mean temperature. This report reassesses the apparent differences between the temperature changes recorded by satellites and the surface thermometer network on the basis of the latest available information. It also offers an informed opinion as to how the different temperature records should be interpreted, and recommends actions designed to reduce the remaining uncertainties in these measurements.

Next Generation Earth System Prediction

Next Generation Earth System Prediction PDF Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309388805
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 351

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Book Description
As the nation's economic activities, security concerns, and stewardship of natural resources become increasingly complex and globally interrelated, they become ever more sensitive to adverse impacts from weather, climate, and other natural phenomena. For several decades, forecasts with lead times of a few days for weather and other environmental phenomena have yielded valuable information to improve decision-making across all sectors of society. Developing the capability to forecast environmental conditions and disruptive events several weeks and months in advance could dramatically increase the value and benefit of environmental predictions, saving lives, protecting property, increasing economic vitality, protecting the environment, and informing policy choices. Over the past decade, the ability to forecast weather and climate conditions on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescales, i.e., two to fifty-two weeks in advance, has improved substantially. Although significant progress has been made, much work remains to make S2S predictions skillful enough, as well as optimally tailored and communicated, to enable widespread use. Next Generation Earth System Predictions presents a ten-year U.S. research agenda that increases the nation's S2S research and modeling capability, advances S2S forecasting, and aids in decision making at medium and extended lead times.

Climate Change: Multidecadal And Beyond

Climate Change: Multidecadal And Beyond PDF Author: Chih-pei Chang
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9814579947
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 387

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Book Description
This book focuses on two major challenges in the climate sciences: 1) to describe the decadal-to-centennial variations in instrumental and proxy records; and 2) to distinguish between anthropogenic variations and natural variability. The National Taiwan University invited some of the world's leading experts across the areas of observational analysis, mathematical theory, and modeling to discuss these two issues. The outcome of the meeting is the 23 chapters in this book that review the state of the art in theoretical, observational and modeling research on internal, unforced and externally forced climate variability. The main conclusion of this research is that internal climate variability on decadal and longer time scales is so large that sidestepping it may lead to false estimates of the climate's sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing.World Scientific Series on Asia-Pacific Weather and Climate is indexed in SCOPUS.

Oceanographic Monthly Summary

Oceanographic Monthly Summary PDF Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ocean temperature
Languages : en
Pages : 24

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Finding Groups in Data

Finding Groups in Data PDF Author: Leonard Kaufman
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
ISBN:
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 376

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Book Description
Partitioning around medoids (Program PAM). Clustering large applications (Program CLARA). Fuzzy analysis (Program FANNY). Agglomerative Nesting (Program AGNES). Divisive analysis (Program DIANA). Monothetic analysis (Program MONA). Appendix.

Monthly Weather Review

Monthly Weather Review PDF Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 1452

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Linear Statistical Short-term Climate Predictive Skill in the Northern Hemisphere

Linear Statistical Short-term Climate Predictive Skill in the Northern Hemisphere PDF Author: Anthony G. Barnston
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Climatic changes
Languages : en
Pages : 148

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NOAA Technical Report NWS

NOAA Technical Report NWS PDF Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 46

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