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Author: John E. Williams
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Incorporated
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 398
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Book Description
This volume provides an explanation of contemporary sex stereotypes and the degree to which they prevail in different cultures. Providing data from 30 countries, the authors examine their findings from the following perspectives: affective meanings, ego studies and psychological needs.
Author: John E. Williams
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Incorporated
ISBN:
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 398
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Book Description
This volume provides an explanation of contemporary sex stereotypes and the degree to which they prevail in different cultures. Providing data from 30 countries, the authors examine their findings from the following perspectives: affective meanings, ego studies and psychological needs.
Author: Emel Gürbüz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sex differences
Languages : en
Pages : 190
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Book Description
Author: John E. Williams
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sex role
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Assess children's knowledge of Adult-Defined, conventional, Sex-Trait stereotypes. employs human figure silhouettes and brief stories. May be individually administered to younger children and group administered to older ones
Author: Jae Yeon Lee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Sex role
Languages : en
Pages : 140
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Book Description
A Korean Sex Stereotype Measure (KSSM) was developed to assess the awareness of sex-trait stereotypes among Korean children. The KSSM contains 32 descriptions of psychological characteristics, 16 of which represent the male-trait stereotypes, and 16 of which represent the female-trait stereotypes. In a test situation, subjects were asked to associate the sex-trait stereotypes with either a male, female or "both" a male and a female silhouette figure drawing. Reliability assessments, including internal consistency and stability estimates, indicated the KSSM to be a highly reliable instrument, particularly among third- and sixth-grade Korean children. The KSSM was applied to 130 first-, third-, and sixth-grade Korean boys and girls, using four different scoring procedures. These scoring procedures represented different concepts of sex roles identified as (1) sex-trait awareness-cultural, (2) sex-trait stereotyping-association, (3) sex-trait awareness-egalitarian, and (4) sex-trait awareness-confirmation. The following general results were obtained when considering all scoring procedures together. Korean children's awareness of the sex-trait stereotypes increased with age from the first- to the sixth-grades. In addition, these children were more aware, and sex-typed more male- than female-traits. Furthermore, while boys were more aware, and sex-typed more male- than female-traits, there were no differences between girls' awareness and sex-typing of male- and female-traits. Finally, sixth-grade children appeared to sex-type more opposite sex-traits as appropriate for "both" males and females than their own sex-traits. Findings were interpreted on the basis of previous theory and research. Discussion also occurred regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using the different scoring procedures in assessing children's awareness of the sex-trait stereotypes. Emphasis was placed on the importance of understanding the concept of sex role being assessed when using these different scoring procedures. Although certain findings were obtained which cut across different scoring procedures, other results obtained appeared to be characteristic of a particular scoring procedure. Therefore, future studies might wish to further clarify the conceptual differences between these scoring procedures in assessing children's awareness of the sex-trait stereotypes.
Author: Janet T. Spence
Publisher: University of Texas Press
ISBN: 1477303111
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 311
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Book Description
Many societies assign sharply distinguished roles to men and women. Personality differences, as well as physical differences, between men and women are used to justify these different sex roles, and women are seen as more emotionally and interpersonally sensitive than men, while men are said to be more competent, achievement oriented, and assertive than women. A widely held view is that not only do men and women differ but that possession of "masculine" characteristics precludes possession of "feminine" characteristics. This bipolar conception has led to the definition of masculinity and femininity as opposites. Acceptance of this idea has caused social scientists and laypersons to consider men and women who possess cross-sex personality characteristics as less emotionally healthy and socially adjusted than those with sex-appropriate traits. Previous research by the authors and others, done almost exclusively with college students, has shown, however, that masculinity and femininity do not relate negatively to each other, thus supporting a dualistic rather than a bipolar conception of these two psychological dimensions. Spence and Helmreich present data showing that the dualistic conception holds for a large number of groups, varying widely in age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, and patterns of interest, whose psychological masculinity and femininity were measured with an objective instrument, the Personality Attributes Questionnaire, devised by the authors. Many individuals are shown to be appropriately sex-typed; that is, men tend to be high in masculinity and low in femininity and women the reverse. However, a substantial number of men and women are androgynous—high in both masculine and feminine characteristics—while some are not high in either. Importantly, the authors find that androgynous individuals display more self-esteem, social competence, and achievement orientation than individuals who are strong in either masculinity or femininity or are not strong in either. One of the major contributions of the work is the development of a new, multifaceted measure of achievement motivation (the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire), which can be used successfully to predict behavior in both males and females and is related to masculinity and femininity in both sexes. In addition to investigating the correlates of masculinity and femininity, the authors attempt to isolate parental factors that contribute to the development of these characteristics and achievement motivation. The book includes analyses of data from students on their perception of their parents, which enable the authors to examine the influence of parental masculinity and femininity and parental behaviors and child-rearing attitudes on the development of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation characteristics in their children. The important implications of these findings for theories of sex roles, personality development, and achievement motivation are examined.
Author: John Archer
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521264976
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
Drawing on the latest research evidence, the authors of this textbook examine the extent to which men and women actually differ, and the origins and implications of the differences, in physical development, sexual experience, emotional expression, mental health, aggression, power, family life, work and achievement. They consider, too, general issues in sex and gender research: stereotypes and common-sense beliefs, problems of measurement and objectivity in the social sciences, the interaction of nature and nurture, developmental pathways, and social change.
Author: Daniel J. Amick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
Author: Nancy Dess
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0190658568
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
For decades, the field of gender, sex, and sexualities has been a focal point of increasing interest. This inquiry has been ignited by successive waves of dramatic social change, chief among them: the re-emergence of feminist movements in the U.S. and Europe in the late 1960s; the sustained (and increasingly successful) bids for legal, social, and religious acceptance of non-heterosexual sexualities in many parts of the world; and the burgeoning number of people (whether cisgendered, gender-variant, trans, or questioning) whose individual and collective experiences of gender and sexuality warrant deeper understanding and further progress toward a fuller realization of human potential and civil rights. In psychology, the intellectual project of understanding gender, sex, and sexualities encompasses a variety of subfields spanning neuroscience and developmental, cognitive, social, and cultural psychology, as well as critical theory. As such, these approaches have inspired new and different psychological questions, as well as increased interest in previously unfamiliar topics of investigation. Edited by Nancy K. Dess, Jeanne Marecek, and Leslie C. Bell, Gender, Sex, and Sexualities offers both students and scholars the tools they need to consider and approach such questions as: how do children come to embrace (or repudiate) gendered activities and identities; how do people experience intimacy, desire, and sexual arousal; and what strategies can psychologists use to de-center their own points of view and effectively contribute to a decolonial psychology? As a result, this volume will open new avenues of inquiry as well as cross-disciplinary conversations for readers everywhere.
Author: David L. Hamilton
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 1317362063
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 378
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Book Description
Originally published in 1981, this volume brings together contributions by several of the authors whose research had contributed significantly to the recent advances in our understanding of the role of cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behaviour at the time. While each chapter reflects a cognitive approach to its subject matter, a broad range of topics, issues, and contexts is addressed by this collection of authors. In the introductory chapter the authors present an historical overview of psychological research on stereotyping, discussing historical trends in this literature and summarizing the conceptual orientations which had guided research in this area at the time. This chapter not only provides useful background information for the reader but also presents a broader context within which the current cognitively oriented research, on which the remaining chapters focus, can be viewed. Each of the next six chapters reports on integrative program of studies bearing on some aspect of the relationship of cognitive functioning to stereotyping and/or intergroup behaviour.
Author: Janet T. Spence
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Femininity
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Book Description
Divided into three scales: masculinity (Refers to instrumental characteristics), femininity (expressive characteristics) and masculinity-femininity (social desirability).
