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Author: Keith Kendig
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN: 1470456222
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 207
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Book Description
Challenge: Can you find all the integers a, b, c satisfying 2a2+3b2=5c2? Looks simple, and there are in fact a number of easy solutions. But most of them turn out to be anything but obvious! There are infinitely many possibilities, and as any computer will tell you, each of a, b, c will usually be large. So the challenge remains … Find all integers a a, b, c satisfying 2a2+3b2=5c2 A major advance in number theory means this book can give an easy answer to this and countless similar questions. The idea behind the approach is transforming a degree-two equation in integer variables a, b, c into a plane curve defined by a polynomial. Working with the curve makes obtaining solutions far easier, and the geometric solutions then get translated back into integers. This method morphs hard problems into routine ones and typically requires no more than high school math. (The complete solution to 2a2+3b2=5c2 is included in the book.) In addition to equations of degree two, the book addresses degree-three equations—a branch of number theory that is today something of a cottage industry, and these problems translate into “elliptic curves”. This important part of the book includes many pictures along with the exposition, making the material meaningful and easy to grasp. This book will fit nicely into an introductory course on number theory. In addition, the many solved examples, illustrations, and exercises make self-studying the book an option for students, thus becoming a natural candidate for a capstone course.
Author: Keith Kendig
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN: 1470456222
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 207
Get Book
Book Description
Challenge: Can you find all the integers a, b, c satisfying 2a2+3b2=5c2? Looks simple, and there are in fact a number of easy solutions. But most of them turn out to be anything but obvious! There are infinitely many possibilities, and as any computer will tell you, each of a, b, c will usually be large. So the challenge remains … Find all integers a a, b, c satisfying 2a2+3b2=5c2 A major advance in number theory means this book can give an easy answer to this and countless similar questions. The idea behind the approach is transforming a degree-two equation in integer variables a, b, c into a plane curve defined by a polynomial. Working with the curve makes obtaining solutions far easier, and the geometric solutions then get translated back into integers. This method morphs hard problems into routine ones and typically requires no more than high school math. (The complete solution to 2a2+3b2=5c2 is included in the book.) In addition to equations of degree two, the book addresses degree-three equations—a branch of number theory that is today something of a cottage industry, and these problems translate into “elliptic curves”. This important part of the book includes many pictures along with the exposition, making the material meaningful and easy to grasp. This book will fit nicely into an introductory course on number theory. In addition, the many solved examples, illustrations, and exercises make self-studying the book an option for students, thus becoming a natural candidate for a capstone course.
Author: Stefan Andrus Burr
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN: 9780821855010
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 142
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Book Description
"Number theory is one of the oldest and noblest branches of mathematics; indeed, it was already ancient in the time of Euclid...for almost all of its history it has seemed to be among the purest branches of mathematics. It is only within the last few decades that a large number of applications have been encountered, at least by the mathematical community. The applications to cryptology are now famous; but it is not as well known that number theory has found an enormous number and variety of real-world applications in many different fields." - From the Preface This book is based on the AMS Short Course, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Number Theory, held in Orono, Maine, in August 1991. This Short Course provided some views into the great breadth of application of number theory outside cryptology and highlighted the power and applicability of number-theoretic ideas. Because number theory is one of the most accessible areas of mathematics, this book will appeal to a general mathematical audience as well as to researchers in other areas of science and engineering who wish to learn how number theory is being applied outside of mathematics. All of the chapters are written by leading specialists in number theory and provides excellent introduction to various applications.
Author: EduGorilla Prep Experts
Publisher: EduGorilla Community Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 9355566077
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 304
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Book Description
EduGorilla's General/Financial Awareness (Vol 2) Study Notes are the best-selling notes for General/Financial Awareness in the English edition. Their content for banking exams is well-researched and covers all topics related to General/Financial Awareness. The notes are designed to help students prepare thoroughly for their exams, with topic-wise notes that are comprehensive and easy to understand. The notes also include solved multiple-choice questions (MCQs) for self-evaluation, allowing students to gauge their progress and identify areas that require further improvement. These study notes are tailored to the latest syllabus of all banking-related exams, making them a valuable resource for exam preparation.
Author: J.S. Chahal
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9780306428661
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 218
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Book Description
This book reproduces, with minor changes, the notes prepared for a course given at Brigham Young University during the academic year 1984-1985. It is intended to be an introduction to the theory of numbers. The audience consisted largely of undergraduate students with no more background than high school mathematics. The presentation was thus kept as elementary and self-contained as possible. However, because the discussion was, generally, carried far enough to introduce the audience to some areas of current research, the book should also be useful to graduate students. The only prerequisite to reading the book is an interest in and aptitude for mathe matics. Though the topics may seem unrelated, the study of diophantine equations has been our main goal. I am indebted to several mathematicians whose published as well as unpublished work has been freely used throughout this book. In particular, the Phillips Lectures at Haverford College given by Professor John T. Tate have been an important source of material for the book. Some parts of Chapter 5 on algebraic curves are, for example, based on these lectures.
Author: Avner Ash
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691163502
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 275
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Book Description
Elliptic Tales describes the latest developments in number theory by looking at one of the most exciting unsolved problems in contemporary mathematics--the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture. The Clay Mathematics Institute is offering a prize of $1 million to anyone who can discover a general solution to the problem. The key to the conjecture lies in elliptic curves, which are cubic equations in two variables. These equations may appear simple, yet they arise from some very deep--and often very mystifying--mathematical ideas. Using only basic algebra and calculus while presenting numerous eye-opening examples, Ash and Gross make these ideas accessible to general readers, and, in the process, venture to the very frontiers of modern mathematics. Along the way, they give an informative and entertaining introduction to some of the most profoundmay appear simple, yet they arise from some very deep--and often very mystifying--mathematical ideas. Using only basic algebra and calculus while presenting numerous eye-opening examples, Ash and Gross make these ideas accessible to general readers, and, in the process, venture to the very frontiers of modern mathematics. Along the way, they give an informative and entertaining introduction to some of the most profound discoveries of the last three centuries in algebraic geometry, abstract algebra, and number theory. They demonstrate how mathematics grows more abstract to tackle ever more challenging problems, and how each new generation of mathematicians builds on the accomplishments of those who preceded them. Ash and Gross fully explain how the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture sheds light on the number theory of elliptic curves, and how it provides a beautiful and startling connection between two very different objects arising from an elliptic curve, one based on calculus, the other on algebra.
Author: Andrew Granville
Publisher: American Mathematical Society
ISBN: 1470463709
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 587
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Book Description
Number Theory Revealed: A Masterclass acquaints enthusiastic students with the “Queen of Mathematics”. The text offers a fresh take on congruences, power residues, quadratic residues, primes, and Diophantine equations and presents hot topics like cryptography, factoring, and primality testing. Students are also introduced to beautiful enlightening questions like the structure of Pascal's triangle mod $p$ and modern twists on traditional questions like the values represented by binary quadratic forms, the anatomy of integers, and elliptic curves. This Masterclass edition contains many additional chapters and appendices not found in Number Theory Revealed: An Introduction, highlighting beautiful developments and inspiring other subjects in mathematics (like algebra). This allows instructors to tailor a course suited to their own (and their students') interests. There are new yet accessible topics like the curvature of circles in a tiling of a circle by circles, the latest discoveries on gaps between primes, a new proof of Mordell's Theorem for congruent elliptic curves, and a discussion of the $abc$-conjecture including its proof for polynomials. About the Author: Andrew Granville is the Canada Research Chair in Number Theory at the University of Montreal and professor of mathematics at University College London. He has won several international writing prizes for exposition in mathematics, including the 2008 Chauvenet Prize and the 2019 Halmos-Ford Prize, and is the author of Prime Suspects (Princeton University Press, 2019), a beautifully illustrated graphic novel murder mystery that explores surprising connections between the anatomies of integers and of permutations.
Author: Cam McLeman
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030989313
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
This innovative undergraduate textbook approaches number theory through the lens of abstract algebra. Written in an engaging and whimsical style, this text will introduce students to rings, groups, fields, and other algebraic structures as they discover the key concepts of elementary number theory. Inquiry-based learning (IBL) appears throughout the chapters, allowing students to develop insights for upcoming sections while simultaneously strengthening their understanding of previously covered topics. The text is organized around three core themes: the notion of what a “number” is, and the premise that it takes familiarity with a large variety of number systems to fully explore number theory; the use of Diophantine equations as catalysts for introducing and developing structural ideas; and the role of abstract algebra in number theory, in particular the extent to which it provides the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic for various new number systems. Other aspects of modern number theory – including the study of elliptic curves, the analogs between integer and polynomial arithmetic, p-adic arithmetic, and relationships between the spectra of primes in various rings – are included in smaller but persistent threads woven through chapters and exercise sets. Each chapter concludes with exercises organized in four categories: Calculations and Informal Proofs, Formal Proofs, Computation and Experimentation, and General Number Theory Awareness. IBL “Exploration” worksheets appear in many sections, some of which involve numerical investigations. To assist students who may not have experience with programming languages, Python worksheets are available on the book’s website. The final chapter provides five additional IBL explorations that reinforce and expand what students have learned, and can be used as starting points for independent projects. The topics covered in these explorations are public key cryptography, Lagrange’s four-square theorem, units and Pell’s Equation, various cases of the solution to Fermat’s Last Theorem, and a peek into other deeper mysteries of algebraic number theory. Students should have a basic familiarity with complex numbers, matrix algebra, vector spaces, and proof techniques, as well as a spirit of adventure to explore the “numberverse.”
Author: Helmut Koch
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN: 9780821820544
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
Algebraic number theory is one of the most refined creations in mathematics. It has been developed by some of the leading mathematicians of this and previous centuries. The primary goal of this book is to present the essential elements of algebraic number theory, including the theory of normal extensions up through a glimpse of class field theory. Following the example set for us by Kronecker, Weber, Hilbert and Artin, algebraic functions are handled here on an equal footing with algebraic numbers. This is done on the one hand to demonstrate the analogy between number fields and function fields, which is especially clear in the case where the ground field is a finite field. On the other hand, in this way one obtains an introduction to the theory of 'higher congruences' as an important element of 'arithmetic geometry'. Early chapters discuss topics in elementary number theory, such as Minkowski's geometry of numbers, public-key cryptography and a short proof of the Prime Number Theorem, following Newman and Zagier. Next, some of the tools of algebraic number theory are introduced, such as ideals, discriminants and valuations. These results are then applied to obtain results about function fields, including a proof of the Riemann-Roch Theorem and, as an application of cyclotomic fields, a proof of the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem. There are a detailed exposition of the theory of Hecke $L$-series, following Tate, and explicit applications to number theory, such as the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. Chapter 9 brings together the earlier material through the study of quadratic number fields. Finally, Chapter 10 gives an introduction to class field theory. The book attempts as much as possible to give simple proofs. It can be used by a beginner in algebraic number theory who wishes to see some of the true power and depth of the subject. The book is suitable for two one-semester courses, with the first four chapters serving to develop the basic material. Chapters 6 through 9 could be used on their own as a second semester course.
Author: Dino Lorenzini
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN: 0821802674
Category : Arithmetical algebraic geometry
Languages : en
Pages : 418
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Book Description
Extremely carefully written, masterfully thought out, and skillfully arranged introduction ... to the arithmetic of algebraic curves, on the one hand, and to the algebro-geometric aspects of number theory, on the other hand. ... an excellent guide for beginners in arithmetic geometry, just as an interesting reference and methodical inspiration for teachers of the subject ... a highly welcome addition to the existing literature. --Zentralblatt MATH The interaction between number theory and algebraic geometry has been especially fruitful. In this volume, the author gives a unified presentation of some of the basic tools and concepts in number theory, commutative algebra, and algebraic geometry, and for the first time in a book at this level, brings out the deep analogies between them. The geometric viewpoint is stressed throughout the book. Extensive examples are given to illustrate each new concept, and many interesting exercises are given at the end of each chapter. Most of the important results in the one-dimensional case are proved, including Bombieri's proof of the Riemann Hypothesis for curves over a finite field. While the book is not intended to be an introduction to schemes, the author indicates how many of the geometric notions introduced in the book relate to schemes, which will aid the reader who goes to the next level of this rich subject.
Author: Martyn R. Dixon
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470496363
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 536
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Book Description
Explore the main algebraic structures and number systems that play a central role across the field of mathematics Algebra and number theory are two powerful branches of modern mathematics at the forefront of current mathematical research, and each plays an increasingly significant role in different branches of mathematics, from geometry and topology to computing and communications. Based on the authors' extensive experience within the field, Algebra and Number Theory has an innovative approach that integrates three disciplines—linear algebra, abstract algebra, and number theory—into one comprehensive and fluid presentation, facilitating a deeper understanding of the topic and improving readers' retention of the main concepts. The book begins with an introduction to the elements of set theory. Next, the authors discuss matrices, determinants, and elements of field theory, including preliminary information related to integers and complex numbers. Subsequent chapters explore key ideas relating to linear algebra such as vector spaces, linear mapping, and bilinear forms. The book explores the development of the main ideas of algebraic structures and concludes with applications of algebraic ideas to number theory. Interesting applications are provided throughout to demonstrate the relevance of the discussed concepts. In addition, chapter exercises allow readers to test their comprehension of the presented material. Algebra and Number Theory is an excellent book for courses on linear algebra, abstract algebra, and number theory at the upper-undergraduate level. It is also a valuable reference for researchers working in different fields of mathematics, computer science, and engineering as well as for individuals preparing for a career in mathematics education.
