Author: Marlene Abdel Aziz - Schachner
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 3734770688
Category : Education
Languages : de
Pages : 34
Book Description
A1 – DEUTSCH – HINDI – ENGLISCH + Grammatik Der A1 –Wortschatz Lektion Guten Tag enthält zusätzlich zur Übersetzung ins HINDI - ENGLISCH folgenden Grammatiken. Substantive/Nomen Artikeln (der-die-das) Pluralformen, -endungen und Regeln zur Pluralbildung Fällen (Nominativ, Genitiv, Dativ, Akkusativ) Verben Infinitiv Stammvokalwechsel in verkürzter Form (z.B. a – i – a für fangen – fing – gefangen) Konjugationsnummer: Mit Hilfe dieser Nummer lassen sich alle Verben, die in der alphabetischen Verbliste am Ende des Buches PONS Verbtabellen Plus DEUTSCH aufgelistet sind, dem jeweils entsprechenden Konjugationsmuster zuordnen Stammformen: Die meisten Konjugationsformen der unregelmäßigen Verben lassen sich aus diesen drei Stammformen ableiten: 1. Stammform : Infinitiv 2. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Singular Präsens 3. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Singular Präteritum 4. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Perfekt / Partizip II Angaben über haben oder sein reflexive Verbformen Präfixen und Trennbarkeit von Präfixen Modalverben Beispiele / Anmerkungen / Besonderheiten Adjektive Steigerungsformen Antonyme (Gegenteile: hart - weich) Beispiele / Anmerkungen / Besonderheiten Sonstige Wortarten Adverbien; Interjektionen; Konjunktionen; Numerale; Präpositionen jeweils mit Beispielen, Anmerkungen, Besonderheiten
Wörterbuch Deutsch - Hindi- Englisch Niveau A1 Lektion 1
Author: Marlene Abdel Aziz - Schachner
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 3734770688
Category : Education
Languages : de
Pages : 34
Book Description
A1 – DEUTSCH – HINDI – ENGLISCH + Grammatik Der A1 –Wortschatz Lektion Guten Tag enthält zusätzlich zur Übersetzung ins HINDI - ENGLISCH folgenden Grammatiken. Substantive/Nomen Artikeln (der-die-das) Pluralformen, -endungen und Regeln zur Pluralbildung Fällen (Nominativ, Genitiv, Dativ, Akkusativ) Verben Infinitiv Stammvokalwechsel in verkürzter Form (z.B. a – i – a für fangen – fing – gefangen) Konjugationsnummer: Mit Hilfe dieser Nummer lassen sich alle Verben, die in der alphabetischen Verbliste am Ende des Buches PONS Verbtabellen Plus DEUTSCH aufgelistet sind, dem jeweils entsprechenden Konjugationsmuster zuordnen Stammformen: Die meisten Konjugationsformen der unregelmäßigen Verben lassen sich aus diesen drei Stammformen ableiten: 1. Stammform : Infinitiv 2. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Singular Präsens 3. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Singular Präteritum 4. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Perfekt / Partizip II Angaben über haben oder sein reflexive Verbformen Präfixen und Trennbarkeit von Präfixen Modalverben Beispiele / Anmerkungen / Besonderheiten Adjektive Steigerungsformen Antonyme (Gegenteile: hart - weich) Beispiele / Anmerkungen / Besonderheiten Sonstige Wortarten Adverbien; Interjektionen; Konjunktionen; Numerale; Präpositionen jeweils mit Beispielen, Anmerkungen, Besonderheiten
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 3734770688
Category : Education
Languages : de
Pages : 34
Book Description
A1 – DEUTSCH – HINDI – ENGLISCH + Grammatik Der A1 –Wortschatz Lektion Guten Tag enthält zusätzlich zur Übersetzung ins HINDI - ENGLISCH folgenden Grammatiken. Substantive/Nomen Artikeln (der-die-das) Pluralformen, -endungen und Regeln zur Pluralbildung Fällen (Nominativ, Genitiv, Dativ, Akkusativ) Verben Infinitiv Stammvokalwechsel in verkürzter Form (z.B. a – i – a für fangen – fing – gefangen) Konjugationsnummer: Mit Hilfe dieser Nummer lassen sich alle Verben, die in der alphabetischen Verbliste am Ende des Buches PONS Verbtabellen Plus DEUTSCH aufgelistet sind, dem jeweils entsprechenden Konjugationsmuster zuordnen Stammformen: Die meisten Konjugationsformen der unregelmäßigen Verben lassen sich aus diesen drei Stammformen ableiten: 1. Stammform : Infinitiv 2. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Singular Präsens 3. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Singular Präteritum 4. Stammform: 1. Person (ich) Perfekt / Partizip II Angaben über haben oder sein reflexive Verbformen Präfixen und Trennbarkeit von Präfixen Modalverben Beispiele / Anmerkungen / Besonderheiten Adjektive Steigerungsformen Antonyme (Gegenteile: hart - weich) Beispiele / Anmerkungen / Besonderheiten Sonstige Wortarten Adverbien; Interjektionen; Konjunktionen; Numerale; Präpositionen jeweils mit Beispielen, Anmerkungen, Besonderheiten
Reading Comprehension, Grade 8
Author:
Publisher: Carson-Dellosa Publishing
ISBN: 1483825310
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 132
Book Description
Reading Comprehension for grade 8 is designed to aid in the review and practice of reading comprehension skills. Grade 8 covers standards such as main topic and key details, identifying an author's purpose, summarizing, inferring, and vocabulary practice. The book includes engaging nonfiction and fiction passages and stories to appeal to all readers. The 100+ Series Reading Comprehension books span grades 1 to 8. The activities in each book reinforce essential reading comprehension skills by providing practice with sequencing, main idea, predicting, and inferring, as well as story elements, character, plot, and setting. The books include engaging grade-appropriate fiction and nonfiction passages and stories. Each book has 128 pages and 100 pages (or more) of reproducible content to help students review and reinforce essential skills in reading comprehension. The series is correlated and aligned to the Common Core State Standards.
Publisher: Carson-Dellosa Publishing
ISBN: 1483825310
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 132
Book Description
Reading Comprehension for grade 8 is designed to aid in the review and practice of reading comprehension skills. Grade 8 covers standards such as main topic and key details, identifying an author's purpose, summarizing, inferring, and vocabulary practice. The book includes engaging nonfiction and fiction passages and stories to appeal to all readers. The 100+ Series Reading Comprehension books span grades 1 to 8. The activities in each book reinforce essential reading comprehension skills by providing practice with sequencing, main idea, predicting, and inferring, as well as story elements, character, plot, and setting. The books include engaging grade-appropriate fiction and nonfiction passages and stories. Each book has 128 pages and 100 pages (or more) of reproducible content to help students review and reinforce essential skills in reading comprehension. The series is correlated and aligned to the Common Core State Standards.
Language Hacking German
Author: Benny Lewis
Publisher: Quercus
ISBN: 1473677394
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
It's true that some people spend years studying German before they finally get around to speaking the language. But here's a better idea. Skip the years of study and jump right to the speaking part. Sound crazy? No, it's language hacking. Unlike most traditional language courses that try to teach you the rules of German, #LanguageHacking shows you how to learn and speak German through proven memory techniques, unconventional shortcuts and conversation strategies perfected by one of the world's greatest language learners, Benny Lewis, aka the Irish Polyglot. Using the language hacks -shortcuts that make learning simple - that Benny mastered while learning his 11 languages and his 'speak from the start' method, you will crack the language code and exponentially increase your language abilities so that you can get fluent faster. It's not magic. It's not a language gene. It's not something only "other people" can do. It's about being smart with how you learn, learning what's indispensable, skipping what's not, and using what you've learned to have real conversations in German from day one. The Method #LanguageHacking takes a modern approach to language learning, blending the power of online social collaboration with traditional methods. It focuses on the conversations that learners need to master right away, rather than presenting language in order of difficulty like most courses. This means that you can have conversations immediately, not after years of study. Each of the 10 units culminates with a speaking 'mission' that prepares you to use the language you've learned to talk about yourself. Through the language hacker online learner community, you can share your personalized speaking 'missions' with other learners - getting and giving feedback and extending your learning beyond the pages of the book . You don't need to go abroad to learn a language any more.
Publisher: Quercus
ISBN: 1473677394
Category : Foreign Language Study
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
It's true that some people spend years studying German before they finally get around to speaking the language. But here's a better idea. Skip the years of study and jump right to the speaking part. Sound crazy? No, it's language hacking. Unlike most traditional language courses that try to teach you the rules of German, #LanguageHacking shows you how to learn and speak German through proven memory techniques, unconventional shortcuts and conversation strategies perfected by one of the world's greatest language learners, Benny Lewis, aka the Irish Polyglot. Using the language hacks -shortcuts that make learning simple - that Benny mastered while learning his 11 languages and his 'speak from the start' method, you will crack the language code and exponentially increase your language abilities so that you can get fluent faster. It's not magic. It's not a language gene. It's not something only "other people" can do. It's about being smart with how you learn, learning what's indispensable, skipping what's not, and using what you've learned to have real conversations in German from day one. The Method #LanguageHacking takes a modern approach to language learning, blending the power of online social collaboration with traditional methods. It focuses on the conversations that learners need to master right away, rather than presenting language in order of difficulty like most courses. This means that you can have conversations immediately, not after years of study. Each of the 10 units culminates with a speaking 'mission' that prepares you to use the language you've learned to talk about yourself. Through the language hacker online learner community, you can share your personalized speaking 'missions' with other learners - getting and giving feedback and extending your learning beyond the pages of the book . You don't need to go abroad to learn a language any more.
Paragraphs on Translation
Author: Peter Newmark
Publisher: Multilingual Matters
ISBN: 9781853591914
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
A collection of 20 articles published as a series in The Linguist 1989-92, discussing the place of translation in health and social services; some particular requirements of opera, erotica, economics texts, and other works; quotations, symbols, and synonymous sound effects; the subordination of the translation to the two languages, the meaning, logic, and right and wrong; and a wide range of other topics. No index or bibliography. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Publisher: Multilingual Matters
ISBN: 9781853591914
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
A collection of 20 articles published as a series in The Linguist 1989-92, discussing the place of translation in health and social services; some particular requirements of opera, erotica, economics texts, and other works; quotations, symbols, and synonymous sound effects; the subordination of the translation to the two languages, the meaning, logic, and right and wrong; and a wide range of other topics. No index or bibliography. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Language Engineering and Translation
Author: Juan C. Sager
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027283648
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
At a time when information technology has become a regular tool of specialised translators in all aspects of their work, it is useful to place the activity of technical translation into its appropriate environment and to describe it from the point of view of its role in the broader context of communication in which it occurs. The advent of automated alternatives to human translation has fundamentally affected the profession, its products and the relationship between translators and their clients.This book presents and discusses the process of translation against this background. The context in which translation is normally studied is widened in order to re-examine the process of translation as part of interlingual text production and to analyse the manner in which the new tools affect the product of translation.This book is of particular relevance in modern translator training courses. Contents 1. The language industry and translation, 2. Aspects of language, 3. Elements of communication theory, 4. A theory of text types and messages, 5. The nature of translation, 6. Specifications: Factors influencing the translation, 7. Preparation for translation, 8. Steps in translation, 9. Human and Machine Translation, 10 Pragmatic circumstances of automation, 11. Translation in an information technology environment. Bibliography + Index.
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027283648
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 367
Book Description
At a time when information technology has become a regular tool of specialised translators in all aspects of their work, it is useful to place the activity of technical translation into its appropriate environment and to describe it from the point of view of its role in the broader context of communication in which it occurs. The advent of automated alternatives to human translation has fundamentally affected the profession, its products and the relationship between translators and their clients.This book presents and discusses the process of translation against this background. The context in which translation is normally studied is widened in order to re-examine the process of translation as part of interlingual text production and to analyse the manner in which the new tools affect the product of translation.This book is of particular relevance in modern translator training courses. Contents 1. The language industry and translation, 2. Aspects of language, 3. Elements of communication theory, 4. A theory of text types and messages, 5. The nature of translation, 6. Specifications: Factors influencing the translation, 7. Preparation for translation, 8. Steps in translation, 9. Human and Machine Translation, 10 Pragmatic circumstances of automation, 11. Translation in an information technology environment. Bibliography + Index.
Translation
Author: Jean Delisle
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 142
Book Description
Arabic Thought and Islamic Societies (RLE Politics of Islam)
Author: Aziz Al-Azmeh
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134607539
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This is a study of the structure and composition of the official learning current in medieval Arabic culture. This comprises natural sciences both exoteric and esoteric (medicine, alchemy, astrology and others), traditional and religious sciences (such as theology, exegesis and grammar), philosophical sciences such as metaphysics and ethics, in addition to technical disciplines like political theory and medicine, and other fields of intellectual endeavour. The book identifies and develops a number of conceptual elements common to the various areas of official Arabic scientific discourse, and shows how these elements integrate these disparate sciences into an historical epistemic unity. The specific profile of each of these different sciences is described, in terms of its conceptual content, but especially with reference to its historical circumstances. These are seen to be embodied in a number of institutional supports, both intellectual and social: paradigms, schools of thought, institutions of learning, pedagogic techniques, and a body of professionals, all of which combine to form definite, albeit ever renewed, traditions of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to relate Arabic scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages to patterns of scientific and political authority. First published in 1986.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134607539
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 354
Book Description
This is a study of the structure and composition of the official learning current in medieval Arabic culture. This comprises natural sciences both exoteric and esoteric (medicine, alchemy, astrology and others), traditional and religious sciences (such as theology, exegesis and grammar), philosophical sciences such as metaphysics and ethics, in addition to technical disciplines like political theory and medicine, and other fields of intellectual endeavour. The book identifies and develops a number of conceptual elements common to the various areas of official Arabic scientific discourse, and shows how these elements integrate these disparate sciences into an historical epistemic unity. The specific profile of each of these different sciences is described, in terms of its conceptual content, but especially with reference to its historical circumstances. These are seen to be embodied in a number of institutional supports, both intellectual and social: paradigms, schools of thought, institutions of learning, pedagogic techniques, and a body of professionals, all of which combine to form definite, albeit ever renewed, traditions of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to relate Arabic scientific knowledge in the Middle Ages to patterns of scientific and political authority. First published in 1986.
Hamlet in Purgatory
Author: Stephen Greenblatt
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400848091
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
In Hamlet in Purgatory, renowned literary scholar Stephen Greenblatt delves into his longtime fascination with the ghost of Hamlet's father, and his daring and ultimately gratifying journey takes him through surprising intellectual territory. It yields an extraordinary account of the rise and fall of Purgatory as both a belief and a lucrative institution--as well as a capacious new reading of the power of Hamlet. In the mid-sixteenth century, English authorities abruptly changed the relationship between the living and dead. Declaring that Purgatory was a false "poem," they abolished the institutions and banned the practices that Christians relied on to ease the passage to Heaven for themselves and their dead loved ones. Greenblatt explores the fantastic adventure narratives, ghost stories, pilgrimages, and imagery by which a belief in a grisly "prison house of souls" had been shaped and reinforced in the Middle Ages. He probes the psychological benefits as well as the high costs of this belief and of its demolition. With the doctrine of Purgatory and the elaborate practices that grew up around it, the church had provided a powerful method of negotiating with the dead. The Protestant attack on Purgatory destroyed this method for most people in England, but it did not eradicate the longings and fears that Catholic doctrine had for centuries focused and exploited. In his strikingly original interpretation, Greenblatt argues that the human desires to commune with, assist, and be rid of the dead were transformed by Shakespeare--consummate conjurer that he was--into the substance of several of his plays, above all the weirdly powerful Hamlet. Thus, the space of Purgatory became the stage haunted by literature's most famous ghost. This book constitutes an extraordinary feat that could have been accomplished by only Stephen Greenblatt. It is at once a deeply satisfying reading of medieval religion, an innovative interpretation of the apparitions that trouble Shakespeare's tragic heroes, and an exploration of how a culture can be inhabited by its own spectral leftovers. This expanded Princeton Classics edition includes a new preface by the author.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400848091
Category : Literary Criticism
Languages : en
Pages : 347
Book Description
In Hamlet in Purgatory, renowned literary scholar Stephen Greenblatt delves into his longtime fascination with the ghost of Hamlet's father, and his daring and ultimately gratifying journey takes him through surprising intellectual territory. It yields an extraordinary account of the rise and fall of Purgatory as both a belief and a lucrative institution--as well as a capacious new reading of the power of Hamlet. In the mid-sixteenth century, English authorities abruptly changed the relationship between the living and dead. Declaring that Purgatory was a false "poem," they abolished the institutions and banned the practices that Christians relied on to ease the passage to Heaven for themselves and their dead loved ones. Greenblatt explores the fantastic adventure narratives, ghost stories, pilgrimages, and imagery by which a belief in a grisly "prison house of souls" had been shaped and reinforced in the Middle Ages. He probes the psychological benefits as well as the high costs of this belief and of its demolition. With the doctrine of Purgatory and the elaborate practices that grew up around it, the church had provided a powerful method of negotiating with the dead. The Protestant attack on Purgatory destroyed this method for most people in England, but it did not eradicate the longings and fears that Catholic doctrine had for centuries focused and exploited. In his strikingly original interpretation, Greenblatt argues that the human desires to commune with, assist, and be rid of the dead were transformed by Shakespeare--consummate conjurer that he was--into the substance of several of his plays, above all the weirdly powerful Hamlet. Thus, the space of Purgatory became the stage haunted by literature's most famous ghost. This book constitutes an extraordinary feat that could have been accomplished by only Stephen Greenblatt. It is at once a deeply satisfying reading of medieval religion, an innovative interpretation of the apparitions that trouble Shakespeare's tragic heroes, and an exploration of how a culture can be inhabited by its own spectral leftovers. This expanded Princeton Classics edition includes a new preface by the author.
Between Literature and Science
Author: Wolf Lepenies
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9782735102303
Category : Literature and society
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
"The theme of this book is the conflict which arose in the early nineteenth century between, on the one hand, the literary and, on the other hand, the scientific intellectuals of Europe, as they competed for recognition as the chief analysts of the new industrial society in which they lived. This conflicts was epitomised by the confrontation between Matthew Arnold and T. H. Huxley, and later in that between F. R. Leavis and C. P. Snow. Sociology was born as the third major discipline, though in many ways it was a hybrid of the literary and the scientific traditions. The social sciences continue, even today, to oscillate between these two traditions. The author chronicles the rise of the new discipline by discussing the lives and work of the most prominent thinkers of the time, in England, France and Germany. These include John Stuart Mill, H. G. Wells, Beatrice and Sidney Webb and T. S. Eliot; Auguste Comte, Charles Peguy, Emile Durkheim; Stefan George, Thomas Mann, Max Weber and Karl Mannheim. At stake was the right to formulate a philosophy of life for contemporary society, and to predict and pre-empt the worst consequences of industrialization. The book presents a penetrating study of idealists grappling with reality, when industrial society was still in its infancy. It will be of interest to those studying sociology and its history as a discipline, but it is equally relevant to other social science subjects which may be said to have arisen at about the same time" -- Back cover.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9782735102303
Category : Literature and society
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Book Description
"The theme of this book is the conflict which arose in the early nineteenth century between, on the one hand, the literary and, on the other hand, the scientific intellectuals of Europe, as they competed for recognition as the chief analysts of the new industrial society in which they lived. This conflicts was epitomised by the confrontation between Matthew Arnold and T. H. Huxley, and later in that between F. R. Leavis and C. P. Snow. Sociology was born as the third major discipline, though in many ways it was a hybrid of the literary and the scientific traditions. The social sciences continue, even today, to oscillate between these two traditions. The author chronicles the rise of the new discipline by discussing the lives and work of the most prominent thinkers of the time, in England, France and Germany. These include John Stuart Mill, H. G. Wells, Beatrice and Sidney Webb and T. S. Eliot; Auguste Comte, Charles Peguy, Emile Durkheim; Stefan George, Thomas Mann, Max Weber and Karl Mannheim. At stake was the right to formulate a philosophy of life for contemporary society, and to predict and pre-empt the worst consequences of industrialization. The book presents a penetrating study of idealists grappling with reality, when industrial society was still in its infancy. It will be of interest to those studying sociology and its history as a discipline, but it is equally relevant to other social science subjects which may be said to have arisen at about the same time" -- Back cover.
`Virgins of God' : The Making of Asceticism in Late Antiquity
Author: Susanna Elm
Publisher: Clarendon Press
ISBN: 0191591637
Category : Asceticism
Languages : en
Pages : 466
Book Description
Many of the institutions fundamental to the role of men and women in society today were formed in late antiquity. This path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how Christian women of this time initiated alternative, ascetic ways of living, both with and without men. The author studies how these practices were institutionalized, and why later they were either eliminated or transformed by a new Christian Roman elite of men we now think of as the founding fathers of monasticism. - ;Situated in a period that witnessed the genesis of institutions fundamental to this day, this path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how ancient Christian women initiated ascetic ways of living, and how these practices were then institutionalized. Using the organization of female asceticism in Asia Minor and Egypt as a lever, the author demonstrates that - in direct contrast to later conceptions - asceticism began primarly as an urban movement. Crucially, it also originated with men and women living together, varying the model of the family. The book then traces how, in the course of the fourth century, these early organizational forms underwent a transformation. Concurrent with the doctrinal struggles to redefine the Trinity, and with the formation of a new Christian --eacute--;lite, men such as Basil of Caesarea changed the institutional configuration of ascetic life in common: they emphasized the segregation of the sexes, and the supremacy of the rural over urban models. At the same time, ascetics became clerics, who increasingly used female saints as symbols for the role of the new ecclesiastical elite. Earlier, more varied models of ascetic life were either silenced or condemned as heretical; and those who had been in fact their reformers became known as the founding fathers of monasticism. -
Publisher: Clarendon Press
ISBN: 0191591637
Category : Asceticism
Languages : en
Pages : 466
Book Description
Many of the institutions fundamental to the role of men and women in society today were formed in late antiquity. This path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how Christian women of this time initiated alternative, ascetic ways of living, both with and without men. The author studies how these practices were institutionalized, and why later they were either eliminated or transformed by a new Christian Roman elite of men we now think of as the founding fathers of monasticism. - ;Situated in a period that witnessed the genesis of institutions fundamental to this day, this path-breaking study offers a comprehensive look at how ancient Christian women initiated ascetic ways of living, and how these practices were then institutionalized. Using the organization of female asceticism in Asia Minor and Egypt as a lever, the author demonstrates that - in direct contrast to later conceptions - asceticism began primarly as an urban movement. Crucially, it also originated with men and women living together, varying the model of the family. The book then traces how, in the course of the fourth century, these early organizational forms underwent a transformation. Concurrent with the doctrinal struggles to redefine the Trinity, and with the formation of a new Christian --eacute--;lite, men such as Basil of Caesarea changed the institutional configuration of ascetic life in common: they emphasized the segregation of the sexes, and the supremacy of the rural over urban models. At the same time, ascetics became clerics, who increasingly used female saints as symbols for the role of the new ecclesiastical elite. Earlier, more varied models of ascetic life were either silenced or condemned as heretical; and those who had been in fact their reformers became known as the founding fathers of monasticism. -